Pathology Flashcards
what epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?
sqaumous epithelium
waht epithelium covers the nose and sinuses etc?
Schneiderian epithelium
what are the two components of a salivary gland?
acinar
ducts
what property do myoepithelial cells in salivary glands have?
contractile
what is otitis media?
inflammation of middle ear
what is otitis media commonly caused by?
usually viral
bacterial = S. pneumoniae, H influenzae, Moxarella
if chronic otitis media what is the causitive organism?
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
which cels in the salivary glands are enzyme containing?
Serous cells
define cholesteatoma
keratinised squamous epithelium past the ear drum
n.b- not a tumour, not cholesterol
what is the pathogenisis of cholesteatoma?
chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane
what si the normal lining of the middle ear?
cuboidal or columnar glandular epithelium
vestibular schwannoma is malignant/benign?
benign
vestibular schwannoma occurs within what bone?
occurs in temporal bone at cerebellopontine angle
define vestibular schwannoma
tumour of peripheral nerve cells assoc. with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve
what is seen on microscopy classic of a schwannoma?
verocay bodies
if a young person person presents with bilateral schwannoma what should you consider?
neurofibromatosis type 2
nasal polyps are common in adults and children true/false
false- NOT common in chuldren
if a young person presents with nasal polyps what should you consider?
cystic fibrosis
are nasal polpys painful?
no- very oedematous so swollen but do not casue pain
GPA patients present with what?
pulmonary, renal disease or nasal symptoms of congestion, septal perforation
GPA or ‘wegners’ is characterised by what?
small vessel vasculitis limited to respiratory tract and kidneys
GPA usually affects what population?
white and >40yrs
GPA is characterised by what autoantibodies?
pANCA
cANCA
nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the UK but has a higher prevelnance where?
far east
nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strongly assoc with what virus?
Epstein Barr virus- encodes protein that can drive malignancy
EBV encodes what protein in the cell cycle?
EBNA-2
what are some predisposing factors for laryngeal polyps?
vocal abuse
smoking
infection
reflux
where are laryngeal polyps more common?
middle 1/3rd of column
nodules are unilateral/bilateral
unilateral
what are the two peaks of incidence in sqaumous papilloma?
<5yrs and 20-40yrs
sqaumous pailloma is related to exposure of what?
HPV exposure- types 6 and 11
what are the two types of paraganglioma?
chromaffin positive
chromaffin negative
where are chromaffin +ve paragangliomas common?
usually adrenal medulla, paravertebral (below diaphragm)
where are chromaffin -ve paraganglioas common?
usually found in carotid bodies, aortic bodies, nasopharnyx (abovve diaphragm)
paragangliomas are rare and can arise at any age however usually what age group?
>50yrs
squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck is commonyl related to what?
smoking and alcohol
HPV (largely in oropharynx)
majority of HPV SCC relate to which type?
type 16
most SCC are cured with what?
chemoradiotherapy
define sialolithiasis
stones in salivary glands
which salviary gland is most common for tumours?
parotid
tumours in small/large glands are more likely to be malignant?
smaller glands more likely to be malignant
if young and painful mass think what?
malignancy facial nerve has been implicated (angle of mandible area)
why are pleomorphic adenomas excised even though they are benign?
longstanding risk of malignant transformation
what is the second most common benign tumour of the neck?
Warthins tumour- almost always in parotid
name two malignant tumours of the neck
WW- mucoepidermoid carcinoma
UK- adenoid cystic carcinoma
