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06- ENT > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?

A

sqaumous epithelium

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2
Q

waht epithelium covers the nose and sinuses etc?

A

Schneiderian epithelium

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3
Q

what are the two components of a salivary gland?

A

acinar

ducts

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4
Q

what property do myoepithelial cells in salivary glands have?

A

contractile

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5
Q

what is otitis media?

A

inflammation of middle ear

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6
Q

what is otitis media commonly caused by?

A

usually viral

bacterial = S. pneumoniae, H influenzae, Moxarella

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7
Q

if chronic otitis media what is the causitive organism?

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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8
Q

which cels in the salivary glands are enzyme containing?

A

Serous cells

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9
Q

define cholesteatoma

A

keratinised squamous epithelium past the ear drum

n.b- not a tumour, not cholesterol

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10
Q

what is the pathogenisis of cholesteatoma?

A

chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

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11
Q

what si the normal lining of the middle ear?

A

cuboidal or columnar glandular epithelium

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12
Q

vestibular schwannoma is malignant/benign?

A

benign

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13
Q

vestibular schwannoma occurs within what bone?

A

occurs in temporal bone at cerebellopontine angle

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14
Q

define vestibular schwannoma

A

tumour of peripheral nerve cells assoc. with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

what is seen on microscopy classic of a schwannoma?

A

verocay bodies

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16
Q

if a young person person presents with bilateral schwannoma what should you consider?

A

neurofibromatosis type 2

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17
Q

nasal polyps are common in adults and children true/false

A

false- NOT common in chuldren

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18
Q

if a young person presents with nasal polyps what should you consider?

A

cystic fibrosis

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19
Q

are nasal polpys painful?

A

no- very oedematous so swollen but do not casue pain

20
Q

GPA patients present with what?

A

pulmonary, renal disease or nasal symptoms of congestion, septal perforation

21
Q

GPA or ‘wegners’ is characterised by what?

A

small vessel vasculitis limited to respiratory tract and kidneys

22
Q

GPA usually affects what population?

A

white and >40yrs

23
Q

GPA is characterised by what autoantibodies?

A

pANCA

cANCA

24
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the UK but has a higher prevelnance where?

A

far east

25
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strongly assoc with what virus?

A

Epstein Barr virus- encodes protein that can drive malignancy

26
Q

EBV encodes what protein in the cell cycle?

A

EBNA-2

27
Q

what are some predisposing factors for laryngeal polyps?

A

vocal abuse

smoking

infection

reflux

28
Q

where are laryngeal polyps more common?

A

middle 1/3rd of column

29
Q

nodules are unilateral/bilateral

A

unilateral

30
Q

what are the two peaks of incidence in sqaumous papilloma?

A

<5yrs and 20-40yrs

31
Q

sqaumous pailloma is related to exposure of what?

A

HPV exposure- types 6 and 11

32
Q

what are the two types of paraganglioma?

A

chromaffin positive

chromaffin negative

33
Q

where are chromaffin +ve paragangliomas common?

A

usually adrenal medulla, paravertebral (below diaphragm)

34
Q

where are chromaffin -ve paraganglioas common?

A

usually found in carotid bodies, aortic bodies, nasopharnyx (abovve diaphragm)

35
Q

paragangliomas are rare and can arise at any age however usually what age group?

A

>50yrs

36
Q

squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck is commonyl related to what?

A

smoking and alcohol

HPV (largely in oropharynx)

37
Q

majority of HPV SCC relate to which type?

A

type 16

38
Q

most SCC are cured with what?

A

chemoradiotherapy

39
Q

define sialolithiasis

A

stones in salivary glands

40
Q

which salviary gland is most common for tumours?

A

parotid

41
Q

tumours in small/large glands are more likely to be malignant?

A

smaller glands more likely to be malignant

42
Q

if young and painful mass think what?

A

malignancy facial nerve has been implicated (angle of mandible area)

43
Q

why are pleomorphic adenomas excised even though they are benign?

A

longstanding risk of malignant transformation

44
Q

what is the second most common benign tumour of the neck?

A

Warthins tumour- almost always in parotid

45
Q

name two malignant tumours of the neck

A

WW- mucoepidermoid carcinoma

UK- adenoid cystic carcinoma

06- ENT (7 decks)

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