Pathology Flashcards
can dermatological problems affect the ear?
yes, they can affect the auditory meatus and external ear because they are lined by skin
what epithelium lines the middle ear?
columnar or cuboidal epithelium
what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what are the glands in respiratory epithelium called?
seromucinous glands
what part of the throat is lined by squamous epithelium
true vocal cords
what part of the throat is lined by respiratory epithelium?
false vocal cords
2 parts of a salivary gland?
acinar
ductular
what type of cell in the salivary gland contains digestive enzymes?
serous cells
how do serous cells appear on histology?
dark and raisin-like
name given to inflammation of the middle ear?
otitis media
is otitis media a viral or bacterial infection?
viral but can rarely be bacterial
most common bacterial cause of CHRONIC otitis media?
pseudomonas
what is a cholesteatoma?
stratified squamous epithelium in the middle ear when it shouldn’t be
what age group is affected by a cholesteatoma?
any age
what ear pathology can cause cholesteatoma?
chronic otitis media
perforated TM
what would you see on histology of a cholesteatoma?
lots of keratin
inflammation
high cell turnover
stratified squamous epithelium
location of a vestibular schwannoma?
between pons and medulla within the temporal bone
are vestibular schwannomas benign/malignant? what do they look like?
benign
golf ball
does a patient with neurofibromas have neurofibromatosis?
not unless genetically proven
what condition commonly causes bilateral vestibular schwannomas?
neurofibromatosis type 2
are nasal polyps serious?
only in children
what condition can cause nasal polyps in children?
CF
is GPA pANCA or cANCA positive?
cANCA
what cancer is most likely to cause malignancy in the nose?
SCC
what cancers can cause benign lesions in the nose?
squamous papilloma
schneiderian (resp) papilloma
which virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?
EBV
most common cause of nasal ulcers?
class A drugs
prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in UK?
rare
what types of cancer is EBV most associated with?
lymphomas
causes of laryngeal polyps?
vocal abuse
infection
smoking
GORD
how are laryngeal nodules usually arranged?
middle 1/3 to post 1/3rd bilaterally along vocal cord
how are laryngeal polyps arranged?
unilaterally
what age groups is squamous papilloma most common in?
<5
20-40
what nasal cancer is strongly associated with HPV?
squamous papilloma
“finger-like projections that are vascular in the centre”- what is being described here?
papillomas
where do chromaffin positive paragangliomas exist?
anywhere below the diaphragm
where do chromaffin negative paragangliomas exist?
anywhere above the diaphragm
what age group is commonly affected by paraganglioma?
over 50s
risk factors for SCC of the head and neck?
HPV
smoking
alcohol
what HPV type is associated with head and neck SCC?
16
how does HPV cause cancer?
produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways
most common area of salivary gland tumours?
parotid gland
what mutation is associated with paraganglioma?
MEN2
how does HPV caused SCC of the throat present?
lumps in neck in a healthy person in their 30s-50s
most common tumour of a salivary gland?
peomorphic adenoma
second most common benign tumour of the salivary glands?
warthins tumour
bilateral painless swelling in front of ears in an elderly male smoker?
warthins tumour
most common malignant salivary gland tumour worldwide?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the UK?
adenoid cystic carcinoma
are adenoid cystic carcinomas sore?
yes the nerves are usually invaded
what type of epithelium’s cells look flat and pancake shaped?
stratified squamous
what does stratified squamous epithelium look like on histology?
flat and pancake shaped cells arranged in stacks on top of each other
PCx of cholesteatoma?
cheesy gunky discharge from ear
how to tell the difference between columnar and cuboidal epithelium
columnar is longer than cuboidal
is columnar epithelium keratinised?
no
what do eosinophils look like on histology?
mickey mouse ears that are pink in the middle and purple on the ears
what do lymphocytes look like on histology?
purple circles
what do neutrophils look like on histology?
multinucleate purple cells
what colour does a SCC mainly appear and why?
pink as they produce lots of keratin
what does a fungus look like on histology?
twiglety/branchy
what is koilocytosis?
epithelial cells infected by HPV
what colour is an HPV stain?
brown
where is HPV found in ENT?
tonsils
tongue base
soft palate
