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2 ENT > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

can dermatological problems affect the ear?

A

yes, they can affect the auditory meatus and external ear because they are lined by skin

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2
Q

what epithelium lines the middle ear?

A

columnar or cuboidal epithelium

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3
Q

what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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4
Q

what are the glands in respiratory epithelium called?

A

seromucinous glands

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5
Q

what part of the throat is lined by squamous epithelium

A

true vocal cords

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6
Q

what part of the throat is lined by respiratory epithelium?

A

false vocal cords

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7
Q

2 parts of a salivary gland?

A

acinar

ductular

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8
Q

what type of cell in the salivary gland contains digestive enzymes?

A

serous cells

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9
Q

how do serous cells appear on histology?

A

dark and raisin-like

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10
Q

name given to inflammation of the middle ear?

A

otitis media

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11
Q

is otitis media a viral or bacterial infection?

A

viral but can rarely be bacterial

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12
Q

most common bacterial cause of CHRONIC otitis media?

A

pseudomonas

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13
Q

what is a cholesteatoma?

A

stratified squamous epithelium in the middle ear when it shouldn’t be

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14
Q

what age group is affected by a cholesteatoma?

A

any age

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15
Q

what ear pathology can cause cholesteatoma?

A

chronic otitis media

perforated TM

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16
Q

what would you see on histology of a cholesteatoma?

A

lots of keratin
inflammation
high cell turnover
stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

location of a vestibular schwannoma?

A

between pons and medulla within the temporal bone

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18
Q

are vestibular schwannomas benign/malignant? what do they look like?

A

benign

golf ball

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19
Q

does a patient with neurofibromas have neurofibromatosis?

A

not unless genetically proven

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20
Q

what condition commonly causes bilateral vestibular schwannomas?

A

neurofibromatosis type 2

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21
Q

are nasal polyps serious?

A

only in children

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22
Q

what condition can cause nasal polyps in children?

A

CF

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23
Q

is GPA pANCA or cANCA positive?

A

cANCA

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24
Q

what cancer is most likely to cause malignancy in the nose?

A

SCC

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25
Q

what cancers can cause benign lesions in the nose?

A

squamous papilloma

schneiderian (resp) papilloma

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26
Q

which virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?

A

EBV

27
Q

most common cause of nasal ulcers?

A

class A drugs

28
Q

prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in UK?

A

rare

29
Q

what types of cancer is EBV most associated with?

A

lymphomas

30
Q

causes of laryngeal polyps?

A

vocal abuse
infection
smoking
GORD

31
Q

how are laryngeal nodules usually arranged?

A

middle 1/3 to post 1/3rd bilaterally along vocal cord

32
Q

how are laryngeal polyps arranged?

A

unilaterally

33
Q

what age groups is squamous papilloma most common in?

A

<5

20-40

34
Q

what nasal cancer is strongly associated with HPV?

A

squamous papilloma

35
Q

“finger-like projections that are vascular in the centre”- what is being described here?

A

papillomas

36
Q

where do chromaffin positive paragangliomas exist?

A

anywhere below the diaphragm

37
Q

where do chromaffin negative paragangliomas exist?

A

anywhere above the diaphragm

38
Q

what age group is commonly affected by paraganglioma?

A

over 50s

39
Q

risk factors for SCC of the head and neck?

A

HPV
smoking
alcohol

40
Q

what HPV type is associated with head and neck SCC?

A

16

41
Q

how does HPV cause cancer?

A

produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways

42
Q

most common area of salivary gland tumours?

A

parotid gland

43
Q

what mutation is associated with paraganglioma?

A

MEN2

44
Q

how does HPV caused SCC of the throat present?

A

lumps in neck in a healthy person in their 30s-50s

45
Q

most common tumour of a salivary gland?

A

peomorphic adenoma

46
Q

second most common benign tumour of the salivary glands?

A

warthins tumour

47
Q

bilateral painless swelling in front of ears in an elderly male smoker?

A

warthins tumour

48
Q

most common malignant salivary gland tumour worldwide?

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

49
Q

most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the UK?

A

adenoid cystic carcinoma

50
Q

are adenoid cystic carcinomas sore?

A

yes the nerves are usually invaded

51
Q

what type of epithelium’s cells look flat and pancake shaped?

A

stratified squamous

52
Q

what does stratified squamous epithelium look like on histology?

A

flat and pancake shaped cells arranged in stacks on top of each other

53
Q

PCx of cholesteatoma?

A

cheesy gunky discharge from ear

54
Q

how to tell the difference between columnar and cuboidal epithelium

A

columnar is longer than cuboidal

55
Q

is columnar epithelium keratinised?

A

no

56
Q

what do eosinophils look like on histology?

A

mickey mouse ears that are pink in the middle and purple on the ears

57
Q

what do lymphocytes look like on histology?

A

purple circles

58
Q

what do neutrophils look like on histology?

A

multinucleate purple cells

59
Q

what colour does a SCC mainly appear and why?

A

pink as they produce lots of keratin

60
Q

what does a fungus look like on histology?

A

twiglety/branchy

61
Q

what is koilocytosis?

A

epithelial cells infected by HPV

62
Q

what colour is an HPV stain?

A

brown

63
Q

where is HPV found in ENT?

A

tonsils
tongue base
soft palate

2 ENT (13 decks)

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