Pathology

Question 1

can dermatological problems affect the ear?

Answer 1

yes, they can affect the auditory meatus and external ear because they are lined by skin

Question 2

what epithelium lines the middle ear?

Answer 2

columnar or cuboidal epithelium

Question 3

what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 3

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 4

what are the glands in respiratory epithelium called?

Answer 4

seromucinous glands

Question 5

what part of the throat is lined by squamous epithelium

Answer 5

true vocal cords

Question 6

what part of the throat is lined by respiratory epithelium?

Answer 6

false vocal cords

Question 7

2 parts of a salivary gland?

Answer 7

acinar

ductular

Question 8

what type of cell in the salivary gland contains digestive enzymes?

Answer 8

serous cells

Question 9

how do serous cells appear on histology?

Answer 9

dark and raisin-like

Question 10

name given to inflammation of the middle ear?

Answer 10

otitis media

Question 11

is otitis media a viral or bacterial infection?

Answer 11

viral but can rarely be bacterial

Question 12

most common bacterial cause of CHRONIC otitis media?

Answer 12

pseudomonas

Question 13

what is a cholesteatoma?

Answer 13

stratified squamous epithelium in the middle ear when it shouldn’t be

Question 14

what age group is affected by a cholesteatoma?

Answer 14

any age

Question 15

what ear pathology can cause cholesteatoma?

Answer 15

chronic otitis media

perforated TM

Question 16

what would you see on histology of a cholesteatoma?

Answer 16

lots of keratin
inflammation
high cell turnover
stratified squamous epithelium

Question 17

location of a vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 17

between pons and medulla within the temporal bone

Question 18

are vestibular schwannomas benign/malignant? what do they look like?

Answer 18

benign

golf ball

Question 19

does a patient with neurofibromas have neurofibromatosis?

Answer 19

not unless genetically proven

Question 20

what condition commonly causes bilateral vestibular schwannomas?

Answer 20

neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 21

are nasal polyps serious?

Answer 21

only in children

Question 22

what condition can cause nasal polyps in children?

Answer 22

CF

Question 23

is GPA pANCA or cANCA positive?

Answer 23

cANCA

Question 24

what cancer is most likely to cause malignancy in the nose?

Answer 24

SCC

Question 25

what cancers can cause benign lesions in the nose?

Answer 25

squamous papilloma | schneiderian (resp) papilloma

Question 26

which virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?

Answer 26

EBV

Question 27

most common cause of nasal ulcers?

Answer 27

class A drugs

Question 28

prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in UK?

Answer 28

rare

Question 29

what types of cancer is EBV most associated with?

Answer 29

lymphomas

Question 30

causes of laryngeal polyps?

Answer 30

vocal abuse infection smoking GORD

Question 31

how are laryngeal nodules usually arranged?

Answer 31

middle 1/3 to post 1/3rd bilaterally along vocal cord

Question 32

how are laryngeal polyps arranged?

Answer 32

unilaterally

Question 33

what age groups is squamous papilloma most common in?

Answer 33

<5 | 20-40

Question 34

what nasal cancer is strongly associated with HPV?

Answer 34

squamous papilloma

Question 35

"finger-like projections that are vascular in the centre"- what is being described here?

Answer 35

papillomas

Question 36

where do chromaffin positive paragangliomas exist?

Answer 36

anywhere below the diaphragm

Question 37

where do chromaffin negative paragangliomas exist?

Answer 37

anywhere above the diaphragm

Question 38

what age group is commonly affected by paraganglioma?

Answer 38

over 50s

Question 39

risk factors for SCC of the head and neck?

Answer 39

HPV smoking alcohol

Question 40

what HPV type is associated with head and neck SCC?

Answer 40

16

Question 41

how does HPV cause cancer?

Answer 41

produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways

Question 42

most common area of salivary gland tumours?

Answer 42

parotid gland

Question 43

what mutation is associated with paraganglioma?

Answer 43

MEN2

Question 44

how does HPV caused SCC of the throat present?

Answer 44

lumps in neck in a healthy person in their 30s-50s

Question 45

most common tumour of a salivary gland?

Answer 45

peomorphic adenoma

Question 46

second most common benign tumour of the salivary glands?

Answer 46

warthins tumour

Question 47

bilateral painless swelling in front of ears in an elderly male smoker?

Answer 47

warthins tumour

Question 48

most common malignant salivary gland tumour worldwide?

Answer 48

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Question 49

most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the UK?

Answer 49

adenoid cystic carcinoma

Question 50

are adenoid cystic carcinomas sore?

Answer 50

yes the nerves are usually invaded

Question 51

what type of epithelium's cells look flat and pancake shaped?

Answer 51

stratified squamous

Question 52

what does stratified squamous epithelium look like on histology?

Answer 52

flat and pancake shaped cells arranged in stacks on top of each other

Question 53

PCx of cholesteatoma?

Answer 53

cheesy gunky discharge from ear

Question 54

how to tell the difference between columnar and cuboidal epithelium

Answer 54

columnar is longer than cuboidal

Question 55

is columnar epithelium keratinised?

Answer 55

no

Question 56

what do eosinophils look like on histology?

Answer 56

mickey mouse ears that are pink in the middle and purple on the ears

Question 57

what do lymphocytes look like on histology?

Answer 57

purple circles

Question 58

what do neutrophils look like on histology?

Answer 58

multinucleate purple cells

Question 59

what colour does a SCC mainly appear and why?

Answer 59

pink as they produce lots of keratin

Question 60

what does a fungus look like on histology?

Answer 60

twiglety/branchy

Question 61

what is koilocytosis?

Answer 61

epithelial cells infected by HPV

Question 62

what colour is an HPV stain?

Answer 62

brown

Question 63

where is HPV found in ENT?

Answer 63

tonsils tongue base soft palate