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2 ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what symptoms alongside a sore throat would warrant admission to hospital?

A

stridor

respiratory difficulty

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2
Q

what infection other than tonsillitis can cause pain at the back of the mouth?

A

acute pharyngitis

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3
Q

main complications of acute conditions affecting the throat?

A

otitis media
quinsy
epiglottitis
mastoiditis

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4
Q

what is quinsy?

A

peri-tonsillar abscess

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5
Q

how long do throat infections tend to last?

A

no more than a week

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6
Q

when should glandular fever be suspected in sore throat patients?

A

sore throat and lethargy lasting over a week in a teen

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7
Q

when should you suspect throat cancer in someone with a sore throat?

A

if they have a mass

if the sore throat is persistent

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8
Q

most common cause of acute follicular tonsillitis in young people?

A

group a beta haemolytic strep aka strep pyogenes

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9
Q

Tx for bacterial tonsillitis?

A

penicillin

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10
Q

how does strep pyogenes appear on gram stain?

A

gram positive cocci in chain

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11
Q

complications of strep throat?

A

rheumatic fever

glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

why do you get oedema in glomerulonephritis?

A

due to low albumin

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13
Q

what bacteria is responsible for diphtheria?

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

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14
Q

young boy presents with severe sore throat and a grey/white pseudomembrane across the pharynx. Dx?

A

diphtheria

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15
Q

does corynebacterium diphtheriae produce exo or endotoxin?

A

exotoxin

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16
Q

Tx for diphtheria

A

antitoxin

penicillin/erythromycin

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17
Q

what is an endogenous infection?

A

when a commensal becomes opportunistic and virulent

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18
Q

young girl presents with white patches on her tongue and other mucus membranes. Dx?

A

thrush

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19
Q

Tx for oral thrush?

A

nystatin

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20
Q

presentation of otitis media?

A

earache

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21
Q

where is the infection in otitis media

A

eustachian tube

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22
Q

are middle ear infections mainly viral or bacterial?

A

viral

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23
Q

most common bacterial causes of otitis media?

A

strep pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
moraxella

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24
Q

Ix of otitis media

A

can only be done if eardrum perforates;

if yes do swab of pus

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25
Q

Tx of otitis media?

A

paracetamol/ibruprofen

  1. amoxicillin if it lasts more than 4 days
  2. erythromycin
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26
Q

when would you suspect an acute sinusitis is caused by a secondary bacterial infection?

A

severe pain and tenderness with purulent nasal discharge

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27
Q

how long does acute sinusitis last?

A

2-3 weeks

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28
Q

1st and 2nd line tx for acute sinusitis?

A

penicillin V

doxycycline (NOT IN KIDS)

29
Q

doxycycline is not safe for use in children T or F

A

T

30
Q

red, swollen itchy outer ear with increased earwax?

A

otitis externa

31
Q

how does malignant otitis differ from otitis externa?

A

infection goes to bone surrounding ear canal

32
Q

symptoms of malignant otitis?

A

severe pain and headache

33
Q

signs of malignant otitis on examination and investigation?

A

granulation tissue
exposed bone in ear canal
facial nerve palsy
high CRP/PV

34
Q

bacterial causes of otitis externa?

A

staph aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

35
Q

fungal causes of otitis externa?

A

aspergillus niger

candida albicans

36
Q

Tx of otitis externa?

A

topical aural toilet
canesten for fungal
gentamicin drops for bacterial

37
Q

fever, pharyngitis and lymphadenoathy is a classical triad of symptoms for what condition?

A

infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever

38
Q

what antibiotic sometimes prescribed in glandular fever can cause a rash

A

amoxicillin

39
Q

splenomegaly is rare in glandular fever: T or F?

A

F, 50% of patients get it

40
Q

haematological findings in glandular fever?

A

leucocytosis (high WCC)

presence of atypical lymphocytes

41
Q

what are palatal petechiae?

A

red, tiny haemorrhages commonly found on the hard palate of the mouth

42
Q

how long does fever and pharyngitis in glandular fever last?

A

2-4 weeks

43
Q

how does the EBV activate in glandular fever?

A

get infected in childhood -> latent

reactivates through exchange of saliva typically in teens

44
Q

Tx for glandular fever?

A

bed rest
paracetamol
NOT antivirals
avoid sport

45
Q

Ix for glandular fever?

A

epstein barr IgM
LFTs
heterophile Ab

46
Q

difference on investigation between CMV and EBV?

A

CMV doesnt have heterophile Ab

CMV has fewer atypical lymphocytes

47
Q

what is primary gingivostomatitis a complication of?

A

HSV1

48
Q

Tx for primary gingivostomatitis?

A

aciclovir

49
Q

where does the inactive form of HSV1 reside?

A

sensory nerve cells

50
Q

Ix for HSV?

A

viral swab for PCR

51
Q

brain comolication of HSV?

A

herpes simplex encephalitis

52
Q

what is herpangina?

A

vesicles/ulcers on soft palate

53
Q

cause of herpangina?

A

coxsackie viruses

NOT HSV

54
Q

cause of hand foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie viruses

55
Q

how long should apthous ulcers persist for?

A

less than weeks

56
Q

what is a chancre and what condition is it seen in?

A

painless hard ulcer on genitalia

syphilis

57
Q

what antibiotic covers most gram negative organisms?

A

gentamicin

58
Q

how is an aspergillus caused otitis externa acquired in swimmers?

A

aspergillus is environmentally transmitted, swimming pools are moist and warm so the organism grows

59
Q

Tx of fungal otitis externa?

A

clotrimazole

ear hygiene

60
Q

what antibiotic should be given for tonsillitis?

A

phenoxymethylpenicillin

61
Q

“large atypical lymphocytes on blood film” indicates what condition?

A

glandular fever

62
Q

why is amoxicillin prescribed over penicillin for AOM?

A

better oral absorption

63
Q

Tx for acute otitis media?

A

oral amoxicillin

64
Q

child with flu like symptoms, problems eating, papules and pain in the legs and feet?

A

hand foot and mouth

65
Q

what group of viruses can cause hand foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie viruses

66
Q

what kind of virus are the coxsackie viruses?

A

enteroviruses

67
Q

how are the coxsackie viruses spread?

A

faecal oral

68
Q

how long does the coxsackie virus cause symptoms for?

A

1 week

69
Q

name the 4 C’s antibiotics; why are they relevant?

A

clindamycin
ciprofloxacin
coamoxiclav
cephalosporin

all can cause c diff

2 ENT (13 decks)

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