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Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

Absence of one or both kidneys

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2
Q

What is the consequence of bilateral renal agenesis inutero?

A

No foetal urine so reduced amniotic fluid.

Causes a squashed face- Potter’s facies

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3
Q

What is renal hypoplasia?

A

Small kidneys.

Still function

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4
Q

What are horseshoe kidneys?

A

Kidneys joined together by inferior pole

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5
Q

What is a duplex system?

A

Either double ureters or double renal pelvis.

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6
Q

What is the clinical significance of a simple cyst?

A

Normally no signficance

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7
Q

What kind of cysts evolve in infants?

A

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Diease

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8
Q

What is the prognosis of ARPKD?

A

Ultimately early renal failure

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9
Q

What does ARPKD cause?

A

Dilatation of medullary collecting ducts

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10
Q

What are many cysts in the adult kidney?

A

ADominantPKD

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11
Q

Which chromosome is most important in ADPKD?

A

Chromosome 16

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12
Q

How does ADPKD present?

A

Haematuria
HTN
Chronic renal failure
Palpable kidneys- massive enlargement

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13
Q

What brain issue does ADPKD have links with?

A

Berry aneurysms in circle of Willis which leads to subarachnoid haemorrhage

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14
Q

What benign tumour of kidney presents in the medulla?

A

Fibroma

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15
Q

What benign tumour of kidney presents in the cortex?

A

Adenoma

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16
Q

What colour in a renal adenoma?

A

Yellow

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17
Q

What condition is angiomyolipoma associated with?

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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18
Q

What will a juxtoglomerular cell tumour result in?

A

Secondary HTN

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19
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour in children?

A

Nephroblastoma.

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20
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour in adults in the kidney?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

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21
Q

How does a renal cell carcinoma present?

A

Flank pain
Abdo mass
Haematuria

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22
Q

Who is renal cell carcinoma more common in?

A

60 yr old men

23
Q

Why does renal cell carcinoma cause a raised RBC count?

A

Erythropoietic stimulating substance is high

24
Q

Where is a renal cell carcinoma most commonly found?

A

Cortex

25
Q

In what way can renal cell carcinoma spread?

A

Through to vena cava

Haematogenous metastasis.

26
Q

Where is a transitional cell carcinoma most common?

A

From renal pelvis to urethra, including bladder

27
Q

What is a major risk for bladder cancer?

A

Dyes
Rubber
Smoking

28
Q

What is the most common cancer of the penis?

A

Squamous carcinoma in situ

Bowen’s

29
Q

When SCC of penis looks velvety what is it called?

A

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

30
Q

Does SCC of penis spread?

A

Not usually.

Full thickness dysplasia

31
Q

True or False

SCC of penis occurs mostly in circumcised men

A

False.

Uncircumcised men

32
Q

What virus is penile SCC associated with?

A

HPV

33
Q

What does a penile SCC look like?

A

Ulcerating indurated ulcer or exophytic

34
Q

In which profession is SCC of scrotum associated?

A

Chimneysweeps

35
Q

What is the aetiology of benign nodular hyperplasia of prostate?

A

Lower testosterone compared to normal oestrogen.

Testosterone lower through age.

36
Q

Which part of the prostate gland is most affected by BNH?

A

Central gland

37
Q

What is prostatism?

A

Symptoms to include overflow incontinence, poor stream or hesitancy

38
Q

What are some complications of BNH?

A

Bladder hypertrophy

Diverticula of bladder wall

39
Q

What is the treatment for BNH?

A

Alpha blockers

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

40
Q

True or False

BNH causes prostate carcinoma

A

False!

41
Q

At what age is prostatic cancer more common?

A

60+

42
Q

In what part of the prostate is carcinoma normally found?

A

Peripheral ducts

Espec. posterior lobe

43
Q

Is there a genetic link to prostate cancer?

A

Yes.

More likely if 1st degree relative is affected at young age

44
Q

How does prostate cancer spread?

A

Locally
Lymphatically
Haematogenous

45
Q

Does prostate cancer spread easily?

A

Yes!

Most have advanced disease at presentation

46
Q

What tests should be requested for ?prostate cancer?

A

PR
PSA
Biopsy

47
Q

Why are bone scans important in prostate cancer?

A

Spreads to bone easily.

Osteosclerotic- white on x-ray

48
Q

How can early prostate cancer be treated?

A

Anti-androgens or oestrogens

49
Q

What can be a risk factor for testicular cancer?

A

Testicular maldescent.

50
Q

How does testicular cancer present?

A

Painless testicular enlargement

Gynaecomastia

51
Q

What class of tumour are seminomas and teratomas in?

A

Germ cell tumours

52
Q

In who are seminomas common in?

A

30-50 years of age.

53
Q

What is the definition of a teratoma?

A

Tumour at a site where the tissues should not be present

54
Q

What marker is used in seminoma?

A

PLAP

Placental alk phos.

Renal (16 decks)

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