Pathology Flashcards
An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs. Example?
Hyperplasia..1.Endometrial hyperplasia (monthly in women) 2.polyps of the colon or stomach
Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
Dysplasia
BOOM! Which of the cell adaptations is most closely associated with PREcancerous conditions?
Dysplasia
Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells-The hallmark of malignant transformation. Two examples?
Anaplasia…Squamous Cell carcinoma of the cervix, Cancer of the lung
What is a glandular benign neoplasm named? What is a glandular malignant neoplasm named?
andenoma… AdenoCarcinoma
What is a squamous benign neoplasm named? What is a squamous malignant neoplasm named?
papilloma….Sqamous cell Carcinoma
What are the 4 oncogenic viruses?
1.HPV 2.Hep B 3.Epstein Barr (HHV-4) 4.HHV-8 -Kaposi Sarcoma
Histologically, the cells of these neoplasms usually retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin
The cells of benign tumors
Malignant cells show prominent ________ in that they exhibit new features not inherent to the tissues of their origins.
Anaplasia
In contrast to benign tumors which show HIGH degrees of “_________” (the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally), malignant cells are “________” or Anaplastic.
Differentiation=well differentiated=your doing well!…..Undifferentiated=poorly differentiated = your doing poorly :(
What are the two Gross hallmarks of a malignant tumor?
1.Hemorrhage 2.Necrosis
What are the 4 mechanisms for turning a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?
1.Point Mutations 2.Gene Amplification 3.Chromosomal Rearrangements 4.Insertion of Viral Genomes
“Necrosis/Autolysis”: is seen in the living (with inflammation) and “Necrosis/Autolysis”: is seen in tissues after death.
Necrosis is seen in living tissues…autolysis is in tissues after death
What is the MOST COMMON form of necrosis? Example?
Co-agul-ative…Heart tissue undergoing Myocardial Infarction
What are the 2 best examples of Lique-factive Necrosis?
Brain Infarcts (OR Staph Aureus in the lungs!)
What is an example of Case-ous necrosis?
TB!!!(inside the granulmas where the bug is living…yellowish/cheesy
What is an example of fat necrosis?
Rupture of the Pancreas! (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)
Where do I find a nirtosamine? How are they created? What are the 2 main cancers that arise from it?
Preservatives in foods…Nitrites react with food to make the nirtosamine….Esophageal and Stomach
Grade I tumors are __________ differentiated tumors
Grade I tumors are Well-Differentiated
Grade II tumors are __________ differentiated.
Grade II tumors are Moderately Differentiated.
Grade III tumors are_______ or ______ differentiated.
Grade III tumors are Poorly or Undifferentiated.
Which virus is involved in Kaposi’s Sarcoma?
Human Herpes Virus 8
What are the 4 diseases caused by HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr)?
1.Mono 2.Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 3.Burkitt’s Lymphoma 4.NasoPharyngeal Carcinoma (Africa/Asia)
What syndrome is this? The bacterial infection leads to massive hemorrhage into one or (usually) both ADRENAL GLANDS…What is a common clinical sign?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome..GRAY petechial skin!
______ or ______ infarcts are typical of arterial occlusion in SOLID ORGANS (heart, kidneys, etc).
White or Pale….
Red infarcts are typical of venous obstruction involving the ________ or ________. The _______ circulation may be interrupted as a result of twisting of the organ around its supporting structure. Red infarcts are also typical of organs that have a dual blood supply, such as the _____ or ______.
venous….intestines or testes…freaking ouch…liver…lungs
What is the site of B cell proliferation in the lymph node?
Lymphoid follicle
Where are T cells found in the lymph node?
The ParaCortical region
What type of cell is mainly found in the medullary cords extending from the lymph node cortex to the medulla?
Mature B cells/plasma cells
The _________ is a connective tissue covering of the lymph node that has no lymphoid function.
Capsule
