Pathology Flashcards
What are pro-apoptotic factors?
BAX and BAK
How does Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis?
By binding Apaf-1
How does Fas-FasL activate caspase?
By forming a binding site for FADD, which activates caspases
What gets degraded first in liquefactive necrosis?
Enzymes (lysosomal mediated)
What gets degraded first in coagulative necrosis?
Proteins
What shock is cold and clammy?
Hypovolemic/Cardiogenic
What shock is warm and dry?
Distributive
When do you see dystrophic calcification?
Secondary to necrosis
High or low pH favors metastatic calcification and where does it occur?
High; occurs in kidneys, stomach, lungs
What does PDGF do?
Stimulates fibroblast growth, vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration
What is an example of heritable amyloidosis?
ATTR neuo/cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin
What is c-kit?
Cytokine receptor (for stem cell factor) ssociated with GIST
What is BRAF?
Serine/threonine kinase associated with melanoma
What is p16?
Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A associated with melonoma
What does VHL do?
Inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a
What cancer does asbestosis cause?
Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma
What does Hageman Factor do/
Activates coagulation/fibronlytic systems, complement, kinin sysem
What causes dolor?
Bradykinin and PGE2: sensitize sensory nerve ending
What’s most indicative of lymph node malignancy?
Monoclonal TCR or Ig arrangements
What two cancers can result from Rb mutation?
Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma
What is S-100 a marker for?
Melanoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, schwannoma
What is AFP a marker for?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What does neuroblastoma look like?
Pw abdominal mass commonly in adrenal gland, bombesin positive, homer wright pseudorosettes (central young nerve fibers around tumor cells)
Where to tumors of penis, vagina, anorectal region drain to?
Medial side of horizontal chain of superficial lymph nodes
How does tumor invade basement membrane?
Via hydrolases and metalloproteinases
What is Ras?
A proto-oncogene; GTPase
What are local deposits of amyloid? (list each organ)
Cardiac atria: ANP Pituitary: IAP (amylin) Thyroid: Calcitonin Cerebrum and vessels: beta amyloid Pituitary: prolactin
What looks like non membrane bound cytoplasmic lipid that shifts within cells and scallops nuclear membrane?
Liposarcoma
What is soft rubbery subq nodule made of mature fat cells?
Lipoma
What cancer are you at risk for developing if prior exposure to radiation?
Thyroid carcinoma (significant risk)
