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USMLE Step 1 Quick Notes > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is phase I?

A

Is it safe?

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2
Q

What is phase II?

A

Does it work?

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3
Q

What is phase III?

A

Is it good or better?

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4
Q

What is phase IV?

A

Can it stay?

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5
Q

What is incidence?

A

of new cases/ population at risk

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6
Q

What is prevalence?

A

of existing cases/population at risk

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7
Q

What is Relative risk reduction?

A

1-RR

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8
Q

What is precision?

A

Same as reliability

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9
Q

What is accuracy?

A

Same validity. Measured against a gold standard

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10
Q

What are the three major selection biases?

A

Berkinson: looking only at inpatients
Loss to follow up
Healthy worker and voluntary bias: study pop healthier than general population

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11
Q

What is hawthorne effect?

A

Example of measurement bias. Groups behave differently because they know they’re being studied

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12
Q

What is procedure bias?

A

Subjects in different groups not treated the same

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13
Q

What are cross over studies for?

A

To reduce confounding bias

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14
Q

How to reduce lead time bias?

A

Measure back end survival: adjust survival according to severity of disease time of diagnosis

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15
Q

What is alpha?

A

Type I error

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16
Q

What is beta?

A

Type II error

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17
Q

How is power increased?

A

Increased sample size, expected effect size, precision of measurement

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18
Q

What increases statistical power?

A

Meta analysis

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19
Q

How many months of life expectancy must you have for hospice care?

A
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20
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Measuring exposure and outcome simultaneously (“snapshot”)

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21
Q

What should be considered when evaluating a screening test?

A

Lead time bias (time for diagnosis to death seems longer because it was diagnosed earlier than normally would’ve)

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22
Q

What is attrition bias?

A

Form of selection bias: loss to follow up

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23
Q

What is effect modification?

A

Stratifying the data will show a significant difference?

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24
Q

What is a confounder (vs effect modification)?

A

Stratifying the data will not show significant difference

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25
Q

What is reflection?

A

Summarizing what the patient said

26
Q

What is facilitation?

A

Asking patient to tell you more

27
Q

What is number needed to teat?

A

1/ARR

28
Q

What is number needed to harm?

A

1/AR

29
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

ARR = mortality rate in control - mortality rate in intervention

30
Q

What is the equation for confidence interval?

A

95% CI = +/- 1.96 (SD)/ sqrt (n)

99% CI = +/-2.58(SD)/sqrt (N)

31
Q

What does it mean if CI crosses 0?

A

No significant difference and null cannot be rejected

32
Q

What does it mean if CI between two groups do not overlap?

A

Significant difference exists

33
Q

What is the pearson correlation coefficient (r)?

A

Always between -1 and +1. The closer absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear correlation between two variable. Positive r means positive correlation. Coefficient of determination = r^2

34
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Acting in the patient’s best interest (may conflict with autonomy since they have the right to refuse treatment)

35
Q

What is nonmaleficence?

A

Do no harm. Proceed with something if benefits outweigh risk.

36
Q

When is a minor emancipated?

A

In the military, married, or self-supporting

37
Q

What is apgar based on?

A 
A: appearance
P: pulse
G: grimace
A: activity
R: respiration
38
Q

What is a good apgar score?

A

> 7; 4=6 assist and stimulate,

39
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

High frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base

40
Q

Pincer grasp

A

By 10 mos

41
Q

Cubes stacked

A

number = age x 3

42
Q

Feed self with fork and spoon

A

~ 2 years

43
Q

Parallel play

A

2-3 years

44
Q

Cooperative play

A

4 years

45
Q

1000 words

A

3 years (remember 3 zeroes)

46
Q

Copies line or circle, stick figure

A

4 years

47
Q

Tricycle

A

3 years

48
Q

Hops on one foot

A

4 years

49
Q

Uses buttons or zippers, grooms self

A

5 years

50
Q

Social smile

A

2 months

51
Q

Stranger and separation anxiety

A

6 and 9 mo respectively

52
Q

What is RR?

A

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

53
Q

What can minors consent to?

A

Prenatal care, STD, contraception, drug/alcohol addiction

54
Q

What is odds ratio?

A

ad/bc

55
Q

If a disease is bad what type of test do you want?

A

High sensitivity

56
Q

What is a cross over study?

A

Patients randomly allocated to sequence of two or more treatments given consecutively with washout in between.

57
Q

What is latent period?

A

Initial steps in pathogenesis and/or risk modifiers occurs years before disease clinically manifests; sometimes risk modifier exposure must be continuous to affect clinical outcome

58
Q

What is an ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic)?

A

Produced by plotting sensitivity (TP rate) against 1 - specificity (FP rate). The area under the curve represents accuracy of the test. Want the most area under the curve.

59
Q

What is the difference between randomized clinical trial and open label clinical trial?

A

In randomized they don’t know what drug they are getting and in open label they do know (it can also be randomized)

60
Q

What is a case series?

A

Type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome

61
Q

What is correlation coefficient?

A

Correlation between two variables. The closer it is to 1 the stronger the association.

REMEMBER IT IS NOT THE SLOPE

USMLE Step 1 Quick Notes (17 decks)

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