Pathology 3 Flashcards
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
Signs of carpal tunnel syndrome
numbness in first 3 digits
wasting of thenar eminence
tinels +ve
phalens +ve
Type of vasculitis that is
-common F>M
-upper limb claudication
-diminished pulses
-raised ESR
Takayasu’s arteritis
Type of vasculitis
-common M>F
-young smokers
-affects large and medium vessels
-on angio shows tortuous corkscrew vessels
Buerger’s vasculitis
Type of vasculitis
-is systemic necrotising granulomatous vasculitis
-cutaneous lesions (ulcers/nodules)
-affects small/ medium sized vessels
-sinus imaging shows a thickened mucosa and air fluid levels
Granulomatous polyangitis
Type of vasculitis
-is systemic necrotising vasculitis
-angio shows saccular/ fusiform aneurysms + aterial stenosis
-prevalent in populations with Hep B
Polyarteritis nodosa
Causes of a psoas abscess
Infection:
-haem spread from other source
-endocarditis
-diverticulitis
-UTI
INflammation:
-Crohn’s
Clinical features of a psoas abscess
-back/flank pain
-fever
-limp
What cells do GIST originate from?
interstitial cells of Cajal
Pacemaker cells of the GUT
What are the common sites for GIST (most-least common)
-Stomach
-small bowel
-colon
-rectum
T/F: GIST are the least common mesenchymal tumours/ sarcoma
False-are the most common mesenchymal tumour but are rare
What is the mutation seen in most GIST
mutation of the c-KIT tyrosine kinase receptors
Where are the interstitial cells of cajal found
Pacemaker cells found between the circular and longitudenal layers of the gut wall that regulate peristalsis
Name 4 thrombophilic conditions
-antithrombin deficiency
-protein S/C deficiency
-Factor V leiden
-antiphospholipid syndrome
pathophysiology of antithrombin deficiency
Reduced anti-thrombin= not enough AT to break down thrombin= hence fibrin clots keep being formed
causes of antithrombin deficiency
acquired:
-liver disease
-DIC
-nephrotic syndrome
-pregnancy
pathophysiology of Protein S/ C deficiency
What is the commonest genetic thrombophilic disorder
pathophysiology of Factor V leiden
Difference b/w APS and other thrombophilias
what are the antibodies found in APS
Describe primary vs secondary APS
Describe the diagnostic criteria for APS
Tx for APS in pregnancy
causes of splenomegaly
Factors that can raise PSA levels other than malignancy
Name the subtypes of thyroid Ca
Which thyroid Ca subtype
-spreads via blood
-mets to bone
-need atleast a hemi thyroidectomy (not FNA) for diagnosis
Which thyroid Ca subtype:
-Is the commonest
-can be diagnosed by FNA
-histology shows psamomma bodies/ orphan annie neuclei
-spreads via lymph
Which thyroid Ca subtype:
-originates in c-cells
-is part of the MEN 2A syndrome
-mixed haem/ lymph spread
-recurrence can be monitored using serum calcitonin levels
Which thyroid Ca subtype is not responsive to radioiodine and why?
Which thyroid Ca needs a core biopsy not FNA
Is achondroplasia an inherited or sporadic mutation and if inherited what type>
Radiological features of achondroplasia
Match occupational carcinogens with the cancer
-asbestos
-bladder ca
-lung ca
-shift work
-wood dust
-angiosarcoma of liver
-non melanoma skin ca
What is amyloidosis
What are the 2 types of amyloidosis
Which parts of the body are most commonly affected by amyloidosis
What is duct ectasia (breast) and how does it present
Difference in presentation b/w duct ectasia and periductal mastitis
Tx for troublesome nipple discharge
