Head anatomy Flashcards
Bones that make up the anterior cranial fossa
Frontal
Sphenoid
Bones that make up the middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid
Temporal
Parietal
Bones that make up the posterior cranial fossa
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
what structures does the dural fold separating the cereburm and cerebellum attach to in the anterior cranial fossa
Anterior clinoid processes of sphenoid bone
what dural fold separated the cereburm and cerebellum
Tentorium cerebrelli
What are the 3 parts of the sella turcica
Tuberculum sellae
Hypophoseal fossa
Dorsum sella
What are the foramina in the middle cranial fossa and what bone are they situated in
Sphenoid bone:
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
f. spinosum
What bones make up the foramen lacerum
Sphenoid
Temporal
occipital
Which bone is the carotid canal situated in
Petrous part of Temporal bone
What foramina do the temporal + occipital bones have
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
Contents of superior orbital fissure
-CN III
-CN IV
-CN V1
-CN VI
-superior ophthalmic vein
-middle meningeal branch of lacrimal artery
What foramen does V2 of the trigeminal nerve pass through
Foramen rotundum
Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces
middle cranial fossa and pterygopalatine fossa
Contents of foramen ovale
-Otic ganglion (inferior)
-V3
-Accessory meningeal artery
-Lesser petrosal nerve
-Emissary veins
Contents of foramen spinosum
-Middle meningeal artery
-Middle meningeal vein
-Meningeal branch of V3
Foramen spinosum and ovale connect which 2 spaces
middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa
Which foramen contains the greater and deep petrosal nerves
Foramen Lacerum
Contents of carotid canal
-internal carotid
artery
venous plexus
nervous plexus
Which foramen is at the intersection of the sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
lacerum
Contents of internal acoustic meatus
-CN 7
-CN 8
-vestibular ganglion
-labrinthyine artery
Contents of jugular foramen
-CN 9
-CN 10
-CN 11
-inferior petrosal sinus
-sigmoid sinus
Contents of hypoglossal canal
-CN 12
-hypoglossal venous plexus
Contents of foramen magnum
-medulla
-meninges
-anterior + posterior spinal arteries
-vertebral artery
-alar ligaments
-spinal root of CN 11
Surgical significance of the mastoid fossa
Is considered the ‘safe’ area for drilling during a mastoidectomy
Location of the mastoid fossa
Above the mastoid antrum (largest of the mastoid air cells)
Layers of the scalp
skin
(dense)connective tissue*
aponeurosis**
loose areolar connective tissue
periosteum
*(vascular + innervated)
**of frontalis and occipitalis muscles
Which layer of the scalp is considered the ‘danger’ area and why
Loose areolar connective tissue
-has emissary (valveless) veins that connect the extracranial veins with the dural sinuses hence infection can spread intracranially
borders of the infratemporal fossa
Roof= sphenoid bone
anterior= posterior aspect of maxillary sinus
floor= medial pterygoid muscle
medial wall= lateral pterygoid plate, superior constrictors, tensor/ elevator veli palatini
lateral wall= ramus of mandible
posterior= carotid sheath/ mastoid/ styloid process
Nerves in the infratemporal fossa
-mandibular nerve (V3)
-sensory branches of trigeminal:
auriculotemporal
buccal
lingual
inferior alveolar
-otic ganglion
-chorda tympani
Muscles in infratemporal fossa
-medial pterygoid
-laterla pterygoid
(masseter + temporalis attach to the borders of the fossa)
Vasculature in the inratemporal fossa
-maxillary artery
-maxillary vein
-middle meningeal artery + vein
-pterygoid venous plexus
What bones meet at the pterion
frontal
temporal
parietal
sphenoidal
What lies deep to the pterion and what is the risk of a fracture in this area
= extradural haemorrhage= raised ICP
Middle meningeal artery
How are the muscles of facial expression divided
orbital
nasal
oral
Which pharyngeal arch did the muscles of facial expression originate from
2nd arch
Which nerve supplies all the muscles of facial expression
Facial CN 7
What are the terminal branches of the facial nerve
-temporal
-zygomatic
-buccal
-marginal mandibular
-cervical
Which nerves innervates the orbicularis oculi
temporal + zygomatic
What are the orbital muscles of facial expression
orbicularis oculi
corragator supercilli
What are the nasal muscles of facial expression
procerus
nasali (transverse + alar)
depressor septi nasi
What are the oral muscles of facial expression
orbicularis oris
buccinator
minor muscles:
zygomaticus major/minor
levator anguli oris
levator labii superiororis
risorius
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferiororis
mentalis
Which nerve innervates the nasal muscles
buccal branch of facial nerve
Which nerve innervates the oral muscles
OO + buccinator= buccal
minor muscles= marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
Innervation of the platysma
Cervical branch of the facial nerve
Which blood vessels make up the Keisselbachs plexus
sphenopalatine artery
greater palatine
ant/posterior ethmoidal
superior labial
Which pharyngeal arch did the muscles of mastication originate from
1st arch
What nerve innervates muscles of mastication
V3 of trigeminal nerve
What are the muscles of mastication
Masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
How are the muscles of the tongue classed
intrinsic + extrinsic muscles
Which nerves innervate the muscles of the tongue
all intrinsic= hypoglossal
all extrinsic EXCEPT palatoglossus= hypoglossal nerve
Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscles
vagus nerve
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and thier actions
Genioglossus= protrude tongue
Hyoglossus= depress + retract (Hide) tongue
Styloglossus= lift tongue
Palatoglossus= lifts the back of the tongue
Which nerve give general sensation and taste to the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
Ant 2/3:
touch= V3
taste= chorda tympani (CN7)
Post 1/3:
touch= CN 9
taste= CN 9
Vascular supply to the tongue
lingual
artery + veins
lymph drainage of the anterior and posterior parts of the tongur
Anterior= submental + submandibular nodes
Posterior= deep cervical nodes
