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First Aid > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell death does not result in inflammation?

cell injury

A

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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2
Q

What type of cell death results in inflammation?

cell injury

A

Necrosis

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3
Q

BAX and BAK are proteins that regulate what?

cell injury

A

Apoptosis. They form pores in the mitochondria which then releases cytochrome C into the cytosol

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4
Q

Bcl-2 is a protein that regulates what?

cell injury

A

It prevents leakage of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial

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5
Q

Bcl-2 overexpression is related to which disease?

cell injury

A

Follicular Lymphoma t[14;18]

cancer

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6
Q

Bcl-2 is normally found on which chromosome?

cell injury

A

Chromosome 18

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7
Q

The FAS receptor is also known as what?

cell injury

A

CD95

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8
Q

What type of cells release digestive enzymes in liquefactive necrosis?

cell injury

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

What are the watershed areas of the colon?

cell injury

A

Splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction

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10
Q

Which arteries supply the splenic flexure?

cell injury

A

SMA and IMA

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11
Q

Which arteries supply the rectosigmoid junction?

cell injury

A

IMA and internal iliac

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12
Q

Psamomma Bodies are found in which conditions?

cell injury

A

Please MOM don’t forget the Milk.
Papillary Thyroid cancer
Meningioma
Serous Ovarian Cancer
Mesothelioma
Prolactinoma (milk)

cancer

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13
Q

What is amyloidosis?

cell injury

A

Abnormal aggregation of various proteins

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14
Q

Primary amyloidosis is an aggregate of what substance?

cell injury

A

AL (Primary) - results from aggregates of Ig Light Chains.
Seen in plasma cell disorders

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15
Q

Secondary amyloidosis is an aggregate of what substance?

cell injury

A

AA (Secondary) - serum amyloid A which results from chronic inflammation

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16
Q

Transthyretin amyloidosis results from what?

cell injury

A

Aggregation of transthyretin can be sporadic which is associated with old age OR a mutation (TTR) which is associated with familial cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

Alzhemers Disease is associated with what kind of amyloidosis?

cell injury

A

Beta amyloid aggregates

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18
Q

Which proteins/substances regulate vasodilation in inflammation?

inflammation

A

Histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, nitric oxide

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19
Q

Which substances regulate swelling in inflammation?

inflammation

A

leukotrienes, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin

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20
Q

Which substances regulate pain in inflammation?

inflammation

A

Bradykinin, PGE2, histamine

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21
Q

Which substances regulate fever in inflammation

inflammation

A

IL-1 and TNF causes increased COX activity near the anterior hypothalamus leading to increased PGE2

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22
Q

Acute phase reactants - role in inflammation

C- reactive protein
Ferritin/Hepcidin
Fibrinogen
Haptoglobin
Amyloid A

inflammation

A

C-reactive protein - fixes complement, specific for inflammation
Ferritin/Hepcidin - iron binding and decreasing iron absorption and release
Fibrinogen - clotting factor, promotes endothelial repair. Increases with inflammation
Haptoglobin - hemoglobin binding, protects against oxidative stress
**Amyloid A **- increases with inflammation. Leads to secondary amyloidosis if prolonged

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23
Q

What kind of cells are primarily elevated in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Which cells are primarily elevated in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages, T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells, plasma cells

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25
Q

Inflammatory or Not?

Th1 cells
Th2 cells

A

Th1 - Inflammatory
Th2 - repair

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26
Q

What is the role of ferritin?

A

Binds and sequestor iron

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27
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

It is a coagulation factor that promotoes endothelial repair. Also upregulated with inflammation.

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28
Q

What is the role of haptoglobin?

inflammation

A

Binds extra hemoglobin. Purpose is to protect against oxidative stress

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29
Q

What is the role of hepcidin?

inflammation

A

Decrease absorption of iron in the gut (ferroportin) and decrease iron release from macrophages. Involved in the pathophysiology of anemia of chronic disease.

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30
Q

What coat RBCs causing them to aggregate and increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

inflammation

A

Fibrinogen

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31
Q

What substance from Th1 cells activate macrophages? What is the result?

inflammation

A

TH1 cells use IFN-y to activate macrophages. This results in an inflammatory process

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32
Q

What substances do Th2 cells use to activate macrophages? What is the result?

inflammation

A

IL-4 and IL-13. The result is a repair process.

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33
Q

Sentence made to remember

What are the steps of leukocyte extravation?

inflammation

A

Slow your body down, stick around 15 minutes baby, come over here late, let me eat it up.

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34
Q

Actual steps

What are the steps of leukocyte extravation?

inflammation

A
  1. Margination and rolling
  2. Adhesion
  3. Diapedesis (transmigration)
  4. Phagocytosis
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35
Q

Slow your body down

What substances are used in margination and rolling?

inflammation

A

P-Selectins (Weibel Pallade body)
E-selectins (IL1 and TNF-a)
Sialyl Lewis (on neutrophils)

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36
Q

Stick around 15 minutes baby

What substances are used in adhesion?

inflammation

A

IL1 and TNF-a (same as E-selectin)
Integrins (on neutrophils)
C5a
LTB4

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37
Q

Come over here late baby

What substances are used in transmigration/diaPedesis?

inflammation

A

PECAM (on neutrophil)
IL-8
C5a, LTB4

38
Q

IPR

What are the phases of wound healing and days that it lasts?

inflammation

A

1-3 days = Inflammatory
3 days - weeks = Proliferative
1 week to months = Remodeling

39
Q

What cells types dominate in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

inflammation

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, and platelets.
Used in clotting and cleaning

40
Q

what is the dominating cell type in the proliferating phase of wound healing?

inflammation

A

Macrophages and fibroblasts

41
Q

What substance is primarily made during the proliferative phase of healing?

inflammation

A

type III collagen

42
Q

What cell type dominates during the remodeling phase of healing?

inflammation

A

Fibroblasts

43
Q

What substance is primarily made during the remodeling phase of wound healing?

inflammation

A

Type I Collagen

44
Q

What are granulomas?

inflammation

A

An inflammatory process which is how the body tries to isolate infection/chronic inflammation. They are made up of macrophages and CD4 Th cells

45
Q

Caseating granulomas have what distinguishing feature?
What dieseases are they associated with?

inflammation

A

Central necrosis
TB, fungus, infections

46
Q

Non-caseating granulomas have what distinguishing feature?
What diseases are they associated with?

inflammation

A

No central necrosis
Sarcoidosis, Crohn Disease

47
Q

What does a high grade neoplasia signify?

neoplasia

A

Highly aggressive, undifferentiated

48
Q

How is neoplasia staged?

A

T - tumor size
N - nodes involved
M- distant metastasis

49
Q

Is grade or stage more important in neoplasia?

A

Stage. Metasasis is most indicitive of survival rate.

50
Q

Which cancer has the highest incidence in men and women?

A

Men - prostate
Women - breast

51
Q

Which cancer has the highest mortality rate in men and women?

A

Lung cancer
Second is prostate/breast

52
Q

What kind of receptors are RET, ALK, EGFR, and HER2?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

53
Q

What kind of receptors are BCR-ABL and JAK 2?

A

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

54
Q

What kind of receptor is BRAF?

A

Serine/threonine kinase

55
Q

What kind of receptor is c-KIT?

A

Cytokine Receptori

56
Q

What kind of receptor is c-myc and N-myc?

A

Transcription factor

57
Q

What neoplasm is associated with ALK and EGFR (ERBB1)?

A

Lung adenocarcinoma

58
Q

What neoplasms are associated with HER2?

A

Breast and Gastric carcinomas

59
Q

What neoplasms are associated with RET?

A

MEN2A and 2B. Medullary and papillary thryoid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

60
Q

What neoplasms are associated with BCR-ABL?

61
Q

What neoplasm is associated with c-mycc?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

62
Q

What neoplasm is associated with N-myc?

A

Neuroblastoma

63
Q

What neoplasm is associated with KRAS?

A

Pancreatic, colorectal, lung, and endometrial cancers

64
Q

What neoplasms are associated with BCL-2?

A

B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma

65
Q

Aspergillus (found in nuts) is a carcinogen that can lead to what kind of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

66
Q

Chemotherapy (alkylating) can lead to what kind of cancer?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

67
Q

Arsenic (found in herbicides) can cause what kinds of cancers?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Lung cancer
Hepatic angiosarcoma

68
Q

Asbestos exposure can lead to what diseases?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma

69
Q

Ionizing radiation can lead to what cancers?

A

Leukemia and papillary thyroid carcinoma

70
Q

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, and silica exposure can lead to what kind of cancer?

A

Lung cancer

71
Q

Nitrosamines (found in smoked meats) can lead to what kind of cancer?

A

Gastric cancer

72
Q

Vinyl Chloride (used to make PVC pipes) can lead to what kind of cancer?

A

Liver cancer (Hepatic angiosarcoma)

73
Q

EBV is associated with what cancers?

A

Burkitt Lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

74
Q

HPV 16,18 is associated with which cancers?

A

Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma
Head and neck cancer

75
Q

Schistosoma haemotobium is associated with which cancer?

A

Squamous cell bladder cancer

76
Q

HHV-8 is associated with which cancer?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

77
Q

Serum marker

Elevated Alkaline phosphatase can be associated with what in regards to cancer?

A

Metastasis to bone or liver

78
Q

Elevated a-fetoprotein is associated with?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, mixed germ cell tumor, ataxia-telangiectasia, and neural tube defects

79
Q

Low a-fetoprotein in pregnancy is associated with?

A

Down Syndrome

80
Q

hCG can be a marker of what?

A

Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas
Testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor

81
Q

CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 are markers associated with what kind of cancer?

A

Breast cancer

82
Q

CA 125 is a tumor marker of what kind of cancer?

A

Epithelial ovarian cancer

83
Q

Elevated Calcitonin can be a tumor marker of what conditions?

A

MEN 2A and 2B

84
Q

CA 19 can be a tumor marker of what disease?

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

85
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans?
What is it associated with?

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Darkening of the skin at the axilla or behind the neck.
Gastric adenocarcinoma

86
Q

What is Sign of Leser-Trelat?
What is it associated with?

A

A sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses
GI adenocarcinomas

87
Q

What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?
What cancer is it associated with?

A

Abnormal proliferation of skin and bonat the distal extremities

Associated with lung adenocarcinoma

88
Q

HyperCalcemia can be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome of what diseases?

A

SCquAmous cell cell lung cancer
Head and neck cancer
Renal/bladder cancer
Breast and ovarian carcinoma

89
Q

High ACTH (Cushing’s Syndrome) is seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome of what disease?

A

Small cell lung cancer

90
Q

Elevated ADH (with hyponatremia) can be seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome of what disease?

A

Small cell lung cancer

First Aid (14 decks)

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