Pathology

Question 1

another name for digital clubbing

Answer 1

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Question 2

apical lung cancer that invades neural structures around the trachea, including the cervical plexus, manifesting as ulnar pain & Horner syndrome

Answer 2

Pancoast Tumor

Question 3

small hyperplastic nests of neuroendocrine cells seen in areas of scarring or chronic inflammation

Answer 3

tumorlets

Question 4

presents as peripheral coin lesion of cellularity reflective of the tissue it is present in (in the lung, often connective tissue with interspersed epithelial cells)

Answer 4

pulmonary hamartoma

Question 5

noninflammatory accumulation of pleural fluid most commonly caused by right heart failure

Answer 5

hydrothorax

Question 6

causes of hemothorax

Answer 6

ruptured aortic aneurysm or vascular trauma

post operative complication

Question 7

milky lymphatic fluid in the pleural cavity due to thoracic duct damage (possibly from malignancy)

Answer 7

chylothorax

Question 8

common causes of pneumothorax

Answer 8

asthma, emphysema, TB, trauma to the chest wall, spontaneous idiopathic pneumothorax

Question 9

edematous mucosa causing focal protrusions; caused by recurrent attacks of rhinitis

Answer 9

nasal polyps

Question 10

refers to inflammation of the mucous membrane, esp of the head and throat

Answer 10

catarrhal

Question 11

opportunistic infection of the sinuses caused by “bread mold fungi” such as Mucor & Rhizopus
Typically in immunocompromised & diabetics -> spread to the orbit and then to the brain

Answer 11

rhinocerebral mucormycosis

Question 12

necrotizing vasculitis with acute granulomas of the upper respiratory tract, lower resp tract or both; affects small to medium vessels in the lungs and upper airways
-T cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction
-ulcerative lesions of the nose, palate or pharynx
Classic: persistent pneumonitis with bilateral nodular & cavitary infiltrates

Answer 12

Wegener granulomatosis

Tx: steroids, cyclophosphamide, TNF-antagonists

Question 13

benign vascular tumor of adolescent males that bleeds profusely

Answer 13

nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Question 14

uncommon malignant tumors with small round cells that resemble neuroblasts;
arise from neuroendocrine cells in olfactory mucosa
express: enolase, synaptophysin, CD56, chromogranin

Answer 14

olfactory neuroblastoma

Question 15

most frequent childhood cancer in Africa, associated with EBV, diets high in nitrosamines, smoking, chemical fumes
-mets in cervical lymph nodes

Answer 15

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 16

cystic lesions lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium or metaplastic mucus-secreting epithelium filled with amorphous debris
forms from chronic inflammation & perforation of the eardrum with ingrowth of squamous epithelium

Answer 16

Cholesteatomas

Question 17

abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear about the rim of the oval window
usually affects both ears
usually begins early in life & slowly progresses over decades, leading to marked hearing loss

Answer 17

otosclerosis

Question 18

presence of discrete mass of lung tissue without normal connection to airway system
If it is extralobar, it is located anywhere within the thorax or mediastinum.
If it is intralobar, it is associated with localized infection or bronchiectasis (can occur in older children)

Answer 18

pulmonary sequestration

Question 19

causes of pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 19

diaphragmatic hernia

oligohydramnios

Question 20

impaired alveolar septation in the setting of hyperoxia, hyperventilation & inflammatory cytokines

Answer 20

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

Question 21

decreased VEGF expression causing endothelial cell apoptosis in hyperoxia; return to relative hypoxia of room air causes retinal vessel proliferation

Answer 21

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Question 22

necrotizing hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis caused by autoantibodies against alpha3 chain of type IV collagen, resulting in inflammatory destruction of the basement membrane in renal glomeruli & alveoli
Mostly occurs in teens or 20s in males
HLA-DRB1 association (genetic)

Answer 22

Goodpasture Syndrome

Note: uremia is most common cause of death