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foundations of medicine 2 > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

why can tumours cause weightloss

A

can increase metabolism through TNF
are very metabolically active requiring lots of energy

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2
Q

give an example of a gene which inhibits apoptosis in cancer

A

BCL-2 - binds to bax/bak to stop holes being punched in mitochondria

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3
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes

A

genes which inhibit neoplastic growth under normal condition

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4
Q

role of caretaker genes

A

repair DNA damage

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5
Q

role of gatekeeper genes

A

stop damaged cells from dividing by either inhibiting proliferation or inducing apoptosis

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6
Q

what is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer

A

p53

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7
Q

main mutations of p53

A

missense and nonsense

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8
Q

what is missense mutation

A

codes for a defective protein

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9
Q

what is an oncogene

A

genes which drive the neoplastic behaviour of cells

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10
Q

give some examples of oncogenes

A

BRAF, ras, C-KIT, P13K

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11
Q

what is the most common mutated kinase in cancer

A

P13K

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12
Q

what does it mean if a cell is polyploid

A

contains exact multiples of diploid cells

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13
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

environmental agent which participates in causing tumours

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14
Q

name some oncogenic viruses

A

HPV, EBV, hepatitis

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15
Q

why is radiation carcinogenic

A

causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA

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16
Q

name a carcinogenic bacteria

A

H.pylori

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17
Q

name a carcinogenic fungus

A

aflatoxin

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18
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

a lesion resulting from autonomous abnormal growth of cells

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19
Q

what is a tumour

A

a swelling

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20
Q

what is differentiation in terms of cancer

A

the extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble their corresponding normal tissue of origin

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21
Q

what does the grade of a tumour mean

A

how differentiated it is
(well differentiated is a lower grade)

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22
Q

what does the stage of a tumour mean

A

the extent to which it has spread

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23
Q

what is dysplasia

A

confined neoplastic change

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24
Q

what is carcinoma-in-situ

A

dysplasia affecting the full thickness of the epithelium

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25
Q

malignant cancer of the bladder

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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26
Q

benign tumour of glandular epithelium

A

adenoma

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27
Q

malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

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28
Q

benign tumour of squamous epithelium

A

papilloma

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29
Q

malignant tumour of squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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30
Q

benign fat tumour

A

lipoma

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31
Q

malignant fat tumour

A

liposarcoma

32
Q

benign skeletal muscle tumour

A

rhabdomyoma

33
Q

malignant skeletal muscle tumour

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

34
Q

germ cell cancer

A

teratoma

35
Q

embyronal cell cancer

A

blastomas

36
Q

CNS tumours

A

gliomas

37
Q

benign nerve tumours

A

neurofibroma, schwannoma

38
Q

malignant nerve tumours

A

neurofibrosarcoma

39
Q

malignancy of white blood cells

A

leukaemia

40
Q

malignancy of plasma cells

A

myeloma

41
Q

malignancy of B or T cell origin

A

lymphoma

42
Q

malignant cartilage tumour

A

chondrosarcoma

43
Q

benign cartilage tumour

A

enchondroma

44
Q

benign bone tumour

A

osteoma

45
Q

malignant bone tumour

A

osteosarcoma

46
Q

benign smooth muscle tumour

A

leiomyoma

47
Q

malignant smooth muscle tumour

A

leiomyosarcoma

48
Q

benign blood vessel tumour

A

haemangioma

49
Q

what is acute inflammation

A

immediate response to injury designed to deliver leukocytes

50
Q

what are bacterial exotoxins

A

chemicals released by bacteria which stimulate inflammation

51
Q

what are bacterial endotoxins associated with

A

bacterial cell walls

52
Q

what are hypersensitivity reactions

A

excess immune response due to an altered state of responsiveness

53
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

rubor
calor
tumor
dolor
functio laesa

54
Q

what is dolor

A

pain

55
Q

what is rubor

A

redness

56
Q

what chemical are released from damaged tissues in acute inflammation

A

histamine and thrombin

57
Q

what does the release of histamine cause in inflammation

A

vasodilation

58
Q

what usually releases histamine

A

mast cells

59
Q

what do prostaglandins cause in acute inflammation

A

increased vascular permeability

60
Q

what aids cellular recruitment in acute inflammation

A

chemokines

61
Q

which type of chemokines attract neutrophils

A

IL-8

62
Q

what is margination in acute inflammation

A

loss of intravascular fluid and slowing down of flow to the site allows neutrophils to marginate

63
Q

adhesion in acute inflammation

A

neutrophils adhere to vascular endothelium

64
Q

what is emigration in acute inflammation

A

neutrophils pass between endothelial cells, through the basal lamina into the adventitia

65
Q

what is the consequence of emigration

A

formation of cellular exudate

66
Q

what can activate the complement system (3)

A
  • enzymes released from dying cells
  • formation of antigen-antibody complexes
  • products of fibrinolytic and kinin systems
67
Q

what is the role of C5a and C3a (3)

A

chemotaxis of neutrophils
histamine release from mast cells
increased vascular permeability

68
Q

which elements of the complement system causes opsonisation of bacteria

A

C4b, 2a, 3b

69
Q

name some symptoms of acute inflammation

A

fever, malaise, nausea, loss of appetite

70
Q

what is suppuration

A

the formation of pus

71
Q

what is pus

A

a mix of neutrophils, debris, bacteria etc.

72
Q

how does pus become an abscess

A

if it gets walled off

73
Q

what is scarring/fibrosis

A

formation of granulation tissue

74
Q

when does chronic inflammation occur

A

if causative agent is not removed

75
Q

what happens to cellular components in chronic inflammation

A

neutrophils are replaced with lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

76
Q

what is a granuloma

A

a collection of histiocytes

77
Q

what may cause granulomatous inflammation

A

foreign bodies, TB, sarcoidosis, chrons disease

foundations of medicine 2 (12 decks)

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