anatomy Flashcards
role of spinal nerves
connect with the spinal chord
what are the 2 main components of the central nervous system
brain + spinal chord
role of cranial nerves
connect with the brain
what is the basic unit of the nervous system
neurons
what is a nucleus
collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
what is a ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
another word for efferent
motor
what do efferent nerves carry
action potential towards the body wall, cavity or organ
another word for afferent
sensory
what do afferent nerves carry
action potential towards the brain
how many pairs of cranial nerves do we have
12
mnemonic to remember cranial nerves
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CN I
olfactory nerve
CN II
optic nerve
CN III
oculomotor nerve
CN IV
trochlear nerve
CN V
trigeminal nerve
CN VI
abducent nerve
CN VII
facial nerve
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear nerve
CN IX
glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X
vagus nerve
CN XI
spinal accessory nerve
CN XII
hypoglossal nerve
mnemonic to remember the function of the cranial nerves
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what exits via the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
CN I
what exits via the optic canal
CN II
what exits via the superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, V1, VI
what exits via the foramen rotundum
CN V2
what exits via the foramen ovale
CN V3
what exits via the internal acoustic meatus
CN VII, VIII
what exits via the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
what exits via the hypoglossal canal
CN XII
what passes through the foramen magnum
the spinal chord
name the 4 segments of the spinal chord
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/coccygeal
how many cervical segments of the spinal chord do we have
8
how many thoracic segments of the spinal chord do we have
12
how many lumbar segments of the spinal chord do we have
5
how many sacral/coccygeal segments of the spinal chord do we have
6
how are spinal nerves named
according to the vertebrae above it
where does spinal nerve C8 exit
between C7 and T1
where does the spinal chord end
L1/L2 intervertebral disk level
what connects the spinal nerves with the spinal chord
roots and rootlets
what connects the spinal nerves with structures of the soma
rami
what do posterior rami supply
small posterior strip
what do anterior rami supply
the rest basically
where does motor innervation of the spinal nerves come from
anterior roots and rootlets
what are dermatomes
an area of the skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
T4 dermatome lies over the…
nipple
T10 dermatome lies over the….
umbillicus
what is the cervical plexus
C1-C4 anterior rami
what does the cervical plexus supply
posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
what is the brachial plexus
C5-T1 anterior rami
what does the brachial plexus supply
upper limb
what is the lumbar plexus
L1-L4 anterior rami
what does the lumbar plexus supply
lower limb
what is the sacral plexus
L5-S4
what does the sacral plexus supply
lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
role of the anterior horn
transmits signals from the spinal chord to the muscles
role of the posterior horn
process and relay sensory information to higher levels of the CNS
what is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS
fight or flight
what is another name for the parasympathetic division of the ANS
rest and digest
how do sympathetic axons leave the CNS
via spinal chord in anterior root/rootlets
how do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS
via cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
State the 3 types of joints
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Pivot joints
> 45 degree rotation
Ball and socket joints
Good ranges of multi-axial movement
Plane joints
Minimal movement in one plane
Hinge joints
Reasonable range of movement in one plane
Biaxial joints
Reasonable ROM in one plane and less in another
Give an example of a pivot joint
Atlanto-axial joint
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Hip joint
Give an example of a plane joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow joint
Give an example of a biaxial joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Primary cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Secondary cartilaginous joints
Symphyses
State the 3 types of fibrous joints
Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles
Syndesmoses
Unites bones with fibrous sheet
Sutures
Between bones of the skull
Fontanelles
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
Subluxation
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
Dislocation
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Paralysis
A muscle without functioning motor nerve supply
Spasticity
The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve but controls from the brain aren’t working
Atrophy
Wasting muscles
Hypertrophy
Muscle enlarges
