Pathology☠️ Flashcards
ABL genes mutation
T(9:22) BCR
CML
Signal transducer mutation
Tumor suppressor genes
TP53
Retinoblastoma genes
TS gene function
Regulate cell cycle growth
From G1 to S phase
P53- induce apoptosis if detect abnormalities
Rb- E2F transcription factor (G-S phase)
Rb must ne knocked out for tumor formation
Tissue invsion mechanism of tumor cells
Loss of E-cadherin
Cell detached -loose Intracellular junction
Metalloproteinase- destroy BM and ECM
Tumor cells migrate through ECM - vascular dissemination
Tumor spread and Mets types
- Lymphatic ( draining sites )
- Hematogenous ( RCC/HCC)
- Seeding ( ovarian Ca - omentum )
Astrocytoma results from which oncogenes mutation ?
Growth factor (PDGF)
Growth factor receptor mutation leads to which cancer ?
Breast /ovarian (HER2) ERBB2 (epithelial GFR)
PVC exposure cause what cancer ?
Angiosarcoma of liver
Cause of T cell exhaustion in tumor microenvironment
PD-L1on tumor cell or APC cells interact with PD1 on T cells which lead to T cell exhaustion
CTLA-4 on T cell outcompete B7 on APC - loss of T cell signal
Results in immune exhaustion/evasion
Anti-PD1
Nivolumab
Cemiplimab
Anti -PDL1
Atezolizumab
Anti CTLA-4
Ipilimumab
Cancer cause by Ionizing radiation
AML
CML
Thyroid ca ( papillary-epithelium)
UVB (non ionizing )
Basal cell ca
SCC
Melanoma
Aromatic amines
Textile (dyes)
Transitional cell carcinoma
Aflatoxin
HCC
Nickel
Chromium
Beryllium
Occupational exposure - lung cancer
Atrophy
Decrease cell mass/size due to ubiquitin protease degradation of cells
Causes: trauma / reduced blood suppy/ disuse / poor nutrition/ hormonal
Barret esophagus Metaplasia changes
Squamous to gastric columnar
May progress to adenoca of esophagus
Myositis ossifican pathology
Formation of bone within muscle after trauma
Reversible cell injury
Ribosomal detachment from golgi
Membrane blebbing
Nuclear chromatin clumping
Irreversible cell injury
Ca in
Troponin out ( seen in cardiac ischemia)
Nuclear degradation
Rupture of lysosome ( autolysis)
Cell swell and burst
Bcl-2 overexpression
Follicular lymphoma (14:18)
DLBCL
decrease Caspase activity —> tumorigenesis
Apoptosis 3 pathways
- intrinsic (mitochondrial) - radiation /ROS/ hypoxia/ misfolded protein /etc
2.Extrinsic( death receptor) Fas of TNF-a
3.granzyme /perforin B
All activates executional caspases in the cell that lead to blebbing/shrinkage and apoptotic body formation
Types of necrosis
- Coagulative -ischemia /infarct
2.liquefactive- brain infarct - Caseous- TB/ Fungi /Nocardia
4.Fat- pancreatitis / breast tissue injury - release lipase (breaks down TG into FA bind with Ca - saponification)
5.gangrenous - dry/wet
5.fibrinoid -immune vascular / hypertensive ER
Acetaminophen overdose can cause what toxicity ?
Hepatotoxicity
Activates cytochrome P450 in liver ,convert CCL4 to CCL3 (ROS) - hepatic steatosis
Decrease apolipoprotein synthesis - centrilobular necrosis
Red infarct patho
RBC + fibrin strand
Hemorrhagic infarct ( venous occlusion /insufficiency
Reperfusion injury
ROS Free radical damage after angioplasty