Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

USMLE STEP1 📚👩🏻‍⚕️ > Pathology☠️ > Flashcards

Pathology☠️ Flashcards

1
Q

ABL genes mutation
T(9:22) BCR

A

CML
Signal transducer mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

TP53
Retinoblastoma genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TS gene function

A

Regulate cell cycle growth
From G1 to S phase
P53- induce apoptosis if detect abnormalities
Rb- E2F transcription factor (G-S phase)
Rb must ne knocked out for tumor formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissue invsion mechanism of tumor cells

A

Loss of E-cadherin
Cell detached -loose Intracellular junction
Metalloproteinase- destroy BM and ECM
Tumor cells migrate through ECM - vascular dissemination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tumor spread and Mets types

A
  1. Lymphatic ( draining sites )
  2. Hematogenous ( RCC/HCC)
  3. Seeding ( ovarian Ca - omentum )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Astrocytoma results from which oncogenes mutation ?

A

Growth factor (PDGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth factor receptor mutation leads to which cancer ?

A

Breast /ovarian (HER2) ERBB2 (epithelial GFR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PVC exposure cause what cancer ?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cause of T cell exhaustion in tumor microenvironment

A

PD-L1on tumor cell or APC cells interact with PD1 on T cells which lead to T cell exhaustion
CTLA-4 on T cell outcompete B7 on APC - loss of T cell signal
Results in immune exhaustion/evasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anti-PD1

A

Nivolumab
Cemiplimab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anti -PDL1

A

Atezolizumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anti CTLA-4

A

Ipilimumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer cause by Ionizing radiation

A

AML
CML
Thyroid ca ( papillary-epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

UVB (non ionizing )

A

Basal cell ca
SCC
Melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aromatic amines
Textile (dyes)

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aflatoxin

A

HCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nickel
Chromium
Beryllium

A

Occupational exposure - lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease cell mass/size due to ubiquitin protease degradation of cells
Causes: trauma / reduced blood suppy/ disuse / poor nutrition/ hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Barret esophagus Metaplasia changes

A

Squamous to gastric columnar
May progress to adenoca of esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myositis ossifican pathology

A

Formation of bone within muscle after trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Ribosomal detachment from golgi
Membrane blebbing
Nuclear chromatin clumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

Ca in
Troponin out ( seen in cardiac ischemia)
Nuclear degradation
Rupture of lysosome ( autolysis)
Cell swell and burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bcl-2 overexpression

A

Follicular lymphoma (14:18)
DLBCL
decrease Caspase activity —> tumorigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Apoptosis 3 pathways

A
  1. intrinsic (mitochondrial) - radiation /ROS/ hypoxia/ misfolded protein /etc
    2.Extrinsic( death receptor) Fas of TNF-a
    3.granzyme /perforin B
    All activates executional caspases in the cell that lead to blebbing/shrinkage and apoptotic body formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative -ischemia /infarct
    2.liquefactive- brain infarct
  2. Caseous- TB/ Fungi /Nocardia
    4.Fat- pancreatitis / breast tissue injury - release lipase (breaks down TG into FA bind with Ca - saponification)
    5.gangrenous - dry/wet
    5.fibrinoid -immune vascular / hypertensive ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acetaminophen overdose can cause what toxicity ?

A

Hepatotoxicity
Activates cytochrome P450 in liver ,convert CCL4 to CCL3 (ROS) - hepatic steatosis
Decrease apolipoprotein synthesis - centrilobular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Red infarct patho

A

RBC + fibrin strand
Hemorrhagic infarct ( venous occlusion /insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

ROS Free radical damage after angioplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pale infarct

A

Arterial infarct / insufficiency
Solid organs with single blood supply (heart / kidney)

30
Q

Which type of neuron and part of neuron are most susceptible to ischemic insult ?

A

Purkinje cells of cerebellum
Pyramidal cells of hippocampus and neocortex

31
Q

Neoplasia is common in which type of tissues?

A

Rapidly regenerating cells such as hair/ skin / bone marrow / GI / Gonads

32
Q

Types of abnormal calcification

A
  1. Dystropic
  2. Metastasis
33
Q

Calcium in abnormal disease cells
Localized ( Eg: aortic stenosis )

A

Dyamorphic calcification
2 to injury or necrosis

34
Q

Calcium deposit in healthy tissue
Widespread deposit
( eg nephrocalcinosis )

A

Metastasis calcification
1 hyperphosphotamia
1 hyperparathyroidism
CKD
Sarcoidosis
Vit Dnosis

35
Q

Abnormal protein ( beta pleated sheets) misfolding

A

Amyloidosis

36
Q

What is observed with
Congo red stain
Apple green birefringence ?

A

Amyloid deposit

37
Q

ANP high in

A

Atrial amyloidosis
Increase risk for AF

38
Q

B amyloid protein is seen in what neurological ds ?

A

Alzheimer’s

39
Q

Islet amyloid peptide

40
Q

High Calcitonin in what carcinoma

A

Medullary thyroid Ca

41
Q

Pain is regulated by

A

Bradykinin
PGE2
Histamine

42
Q

Fever is regulated by

A

IL1 / TNF - increase COX activity /increase PGE2

43
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

(Unregulated)
Amyloid A
Fibrinogen
CRP
Ferritin
Hepatoglobulin
Hepcidin
Procalcitonin
(Downregulated )
Albumin
Transferrin
Transtgyretin

44
Q

Hepcidin function

A

Decrease iron absorption
Decrease iron release
Anemia of chronic disease

45
Q

Hageman factor

46
Q

Increase ESR

A

Most anemia
Malignancy
Infection
Renal disease

47
Q

Decrease ESR

A

Polycythemia
Sickle cell disease ( shape altered)
HF
Microcytosis

48
Q

Phases of wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory ( ( plt /Mph/ neut)
    2.proliferation ( granulation tissue formation )
  2. Remodeling fibroblast /col III -Col I
49
Q

Roles of T cell
Th1
Th2

A

Th1 - pro inflammatory
Th2- anti-inflammatory /repair

50
Q

Protooncogenes include

A

GF ( PDGF)
GF-R ( HER2/ERBB2)
Signal transducer (KRAS)
TF (C-myc)
Cytokine receptor (c-KIT)
Antiapoptotic molecule
Tyrosine kinase -non-R (BCR-ABL/ JAK2)

51
Q

JAK2 mutation

A

Myeloproluferative disorder

52
Q

BCR/ABL

53
Q

C -myc
N-myc

A

Burkitt
Neuroblastoma

54
Q

APC Gene mutation.

A

CR ca (associate with FAP)

55
Q

BRCA1/2 mutation

A

Familiar ( ask Hx)
Breast /prostrate /ovaries /pancreas ca

56
Q

Werner’s Syndrome

A

3Ps
Pituitary
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Seen in MEN1

57
Q

RB1 mutation

A

Retinoblastoma
G1-Sphase block /inhibit E2F

58
Q

Wilm tumor

A

Nephroblastoma
Most common pediatric renal ca

59
Q

Schistosomiasis haematobium ( fluke) causes which Ca?

A

Squamous cell bladder Ca

60
Q

Uterus 5 times bigger
Uterine bleeding
High b-HCG

A

Choriocarcinoma

61
Q

High b-HCG in

A

GTD
Choriocarcinoma
Hydatidform mole mixed germ cell tumor

62
Q

High AFP in

A

HCC
Yolk sac tumor
Ataxia -talangectasia
Neural tube defect

63
Q

NF 1

A

Nerve tumor
Small nerve of skin
Large nerve of visceral
Cafe au lait spot
Cut macules
Iris

64
Q

NF2

A

Affect auditory nerves
Tinnitus
Hearing loss
Acoustic neuromas CN VIII

65
Q

Ca -19-9

A

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Ca 125

A

Epithelial ovarian ca

67
Q

CEA

A

CRC
Pancreatic Ca

68
Q

Ca 15-3/ Ca27-29

A

Breast Cancer

69
Q

Cytokines that cause cachexia

A

IFN-r
TNF-a
IL-1
IL-6

70
Q

Endocrine disorders in NE cancers ( SCLC/ SCC/ renal/bladder/ovarian )

A

Cushion (high ACTH)
SIADH (high ADH)
Hypercalcemia ( 1,25 OH D3)

USMLE STEP1 📚👩🏻‍⚕️ (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions