Pathology 🩻💉

Question 1

Cachexia mediated pathways

Answer 1

Inflammatory cytokines
TNF - alpha
IL10 / IL1a

Question 2

CRC
Dx -Genetic testing ,possible mutation of which genes?

Answer 2

Polyps + = FAP
Cause- APC genes (TSG) -
Polyps - = Lynch $ , HNPCC
Cause = MSH6/2 ,MLH1( DNA Mismatch repair gene )

Question 3

Which gene mutation responsible for early Adenoma to late Adenoma transformation ?

Answer 3

KRAS mutation
Promote cell proliferation /growth

Question 4

Which gene responsible for From Adenoma to adenocarcinoma transformation ?

Answer 4

TP53

Question 5

Retina tumor
Decrease red reflex
Which TSG mutation ?
Inactivation, error DNA continue to S phase

Answer 5

Rb genes
Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma

Question 6

Which gene mutation causes EGFR inhibitor treatment ineffective ?

Answer 6

Mutated KRAS
Effective with Wild type KRAS

EGFR activates KRAS that stimulate cell growth and proliferation

(EGFR -I is used in cancer treatment through monoclonal antibodies such as Cetuximab/Panitumumab) that blocks EGFR)

Question 7

CRC Germ line mutation
Autosominal dominant
Polyps +

Answer 7

FAP
APC mut

APC degrades b-catenin ,loss of APC increase expression of b-catenin

B-catenin- activates transcriptional factor that increase intestinal crypt hyper proliferation and polyps formation

Question 8

Invasive ductal Ca of breast
Tissue biopsy : Anaplastic cells
Where else can u find similar histologies changes?

Answer 8

Anaplastic thyroid Ca
Anaplastic = a complete lack of differentiation ( high grade)
Features:
Loss of polarity ( disrupt tissue archi)
Cellular pleomorphism
Disproportionate large nuclei
Scanty cytoplasm
Abnormal mitotic figures

Question 9

Common Immunohistochemical marker for epithelial derived tumors?

Answer 9

Cytokeratin ( made up intermediate filaments of epithelial cells )
1. Stratified Squamous (hair/skin/oral mucosa)
2.simple epithelium ( liver /gut/pancreas)