Pathology Flashcards
intrinsic lesion of vocal cords? note: leads to hoarseness
- acute and chronic laryngitis
- vocal cord nodules
- laryngeal papillomatosis
- carcinoma of the larynx
anterior vs posterior bleed (location and people)?
anterior- little’s area and young patients
posterior- elderly, hypertensive patients, plexus of woodruff (located on the posterior lateral wall of the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity)
common sites for nose bleeds?
- little’s area/kiesselbach’s plexus (LEGS)
- plexus of woodruff
Local causes for nose bleeds? hint: 5
- Nose picking
- Blunt or penetrating injuries
- Nasal fractures/ Fractures of walls of sinuses
- Surgical procedures
- Foreign body in nose
bilateral epistaxis?
- posterior bleed
- severe epistaxis
- septal perforation (full-thickness defect of the nasal septum)
- bleeding disorder
what are the types of malignant sinonasal tumours?
- epithelial tumours- squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
- neuroectodermal tumours- olfactory neuroblastoma
- others- lymphomas, sarcomas
whats a pneumothorax?
- A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung.
- occurs when air leaks into the potential space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse.
whats emphysema?
- permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (acinus) caused by the destruction of the wall (without significant fibrosis)
- smoking is the most common cause.
whats consolidation?
exudative solidification caused by bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma
whats pneumonia?
any infection of lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi
predisposing factors to pneumonia?
- impairment of specific local defense mechanisms in the lung
- impairment of systemic resistance
what is chronic bronchitis?
- long term inflammation of the bronchi
- Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years.
- common among smokers
whats the distinct feature of chronic bronchitis?
hyper-secretion of mucus, beginning in the large airways
diagnostic feature of chronic bronchitis?
enlargement of mucus-secreting glands
whats a pleural effusion?
- fluid accumulates in the pleural space
- may be due to congestive cardiac fluid or infective, neoplastic conditions
whats pulmonary embolism?
blood clot/fat/air bubble travels to the right atrium which then passes into the pulmonary artery blocking it or one of its branches (completely/partially)
whats bronchogenic carcinoma?
Usually refers to any lung cancer, mostly arising from the mucosa of larger bronchi
whats COPD?
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- partial or complete obstruction at any level of the airway causes resistance to airflow
what are the MAIN COPDs?
- asthma
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis also regarded as one of COPD
what are restrictive lung diseases?
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma and decreased total lung capacity eg pulmonary fibrosis
whats bronchial asthma?
- chronic inflammatory disorder of the tracheobronchial airways characterized by airflow obstruction & hyper-reactivity to a variety of stimuli
- causes reversible episodic narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction)
- episodic wheezing & increases resistance to expiratory airflow
what are the complications of bronchial asthma? hint: 4
- Persistent airway inflammation → Chronic Bronchitis
- Concomitant infection→Pneumonia
- Long standing lung disease→ Right Heart Failure (Cor pulmonale)
- Obstruction by mucus plugs→Bronchiectasis
Whats bronchiectasis?
The IRREVERSIBLE dilatation of bronchi & bronchioles caused by the destruction of the supporting muscular & elastic elements of their walls
what are the 2 types of bronchiectasis?
obstructive and non-obstructive
