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Respi > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

intrinsic lesion of vocal cords? note: leads to hoarseness

A
  • acute and chronic laryngitis
  • vocal cord nodules
  • laryngeal papillomatosis
  • carcinoma of the larynx
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2
Q

anterior vs posterior bleed (location and people)?

A

anterior- little’s area and young patients
posterior- elderly, hypertensive patients, plexus of woodruff (located on the posterior lateral wall of the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity)

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3
Q

common sites for nose bleeds?

A
  • little’s area/kiesselbach’s plexus (LEGS)
  • plexus of woodruff
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4
Q

Local causes for nose bleeds? hint: 5

A
  • Nose picking
  • Blunt or penetrating injuries
  • Nasal fractures/ Fractures of walls of sinuses
  • Surgical procedures
  • Foreign body in nose
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5
Q

bilateral epistaxis?

A
  • posterior bleed
  • severe epistaxis
  • septal perforation (full-thickness defect of the nasal septum)
  • bleeding disorder
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6
Q

what are the types of malignant sinonasal tumours?

A
  • epithelial tumours- squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
  • neuroectodermal tumours- olfactory neuroblastoma
  • others- lymphomas, sarcomas
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7
Q

whats a pneumothorax?

A
  • A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung.
  • occurs when air leaks into the potential space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse.
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8
Q

whats emphysema?

A
  • permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (acinus) caused by the destruction of the wall (without significant fibrosis)
  • smoking is the most common cause.
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9
Q

whats consolidation?

A

exudative solidification caused by bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma

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10
Q

whats pneumonia?

A

any infection of lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi

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11
Q

predisposing factors to pneumonia?

A
  • impairment of specific local defense mechanisms in the lung
  • impairment of systemic resistance
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12
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • long term inflammation of the bronchi
  • Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years.
  • common among smokers
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13
Q

whats the distinct feature of chronic bronchitis?

A

hyper-secretion of mucus, beginning in the large airways

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14
Q

diagnostic feature of chronic bronchitis?

A

enlargement of mucus-secreting glands

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15
Q

whats a pleural effusion?

A
  • fluid accumulates in the pleural space
  • may be due to congestive cardiac fluid or infective, neoplastic conditions
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16
Q

whats pulmonary embolism?

A

blood clot/fat/air bubble travels to the right atrium which then passes into the pulmonary artery blocking it or one of its branches (completely/partially)

17
Q

whats bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Usually refers to any lung cancer, mostly arising from the mucosa of larger bronchi

18
Q

whats COPD?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • partial or complete obstruction at any level of the airway causes resistance to airflow
19
Q

what are the MAIN COPDs?

A
  • asthma
  • emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
    Bronchiectasis also regarded as one of COPD
20
Q

what are restrictive lung diseases?

A

reduced expansion of lung parenchyma and decreased total lung capacity eg pulmonary fibrosis

21
Q

whats bronchial asthma?

A
  • chronic inflammatory disorder of the tracheobronchial airways characterized by airflow obstruction & hyper-reactivity to a variety of stimuli
  • causes reversible episodic narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction)
  • episodic wheezing & increases resistance to expiratory airflow
22
Q

what are the complications of bronchial asthma? hint: 4

A
  • Persistent airway inflammation → Chronic Bronchitis
  • Concomitant infection→Pneumonia
  • Long standing lung disease→ Right Heart Failure (Cor pulmonale)
  • Obstruction by mucus plugs→Bronchiectasis
23
Q

Whats bronchiectasis?

A

The IRREVERSIBLE dilatation of bronchi & bronchioles caused by the destruction of the supporting muscular & elastic elements of their walls

24
Q

what are the 2 types of bronchiectasis?

A

obstructive and non-obstructive

25
Q

what are the causes of obstructive bronchiectasis?

A
  • bronchial tumours
  • foreign bodies
  • mucus plugs (asthma)
  • enlarged hilar lymph nodes
26
Q

what are the causes of non-obstructive bronchiectasis?

A
  • congenital: Defective cilia: Kartagener’s Syndrome, (Bronchiectasis + Situs Inversus + Sinusitis); Defective mucus secretion: Cystic Fibrosis
  • acquired: Infections: Necrotizing pneumonia (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Measles & Whooping cough)
27
Q

Clinical features of bronchiectasis?

A
  • chronic productive cough
  • Copious, foul smelling, muco-purulent sputum
  • haemopytsis
  • dyspnoea & cyanosis
28
Q

Whats empyema?

A

pockets of pus building up in the pleural cavity

29
Q

what are complications of bronchiectasis?

A
  • pneumonia/lung abscess
  • empyema
  • brain abscess (Hematogenous dissemination to the brain)
  • Cor pulmonale (from chronic lung disease)

Respi (9 decks)

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