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Breathing and Cir. Exam 3 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is congestive heart failure in the simplest terms?

A

Heart cannot pump enough blood

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2
Q

What results from congestive heart failure in the body? Two answers.

A

Congestion and edema

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3
Q

Edema occurs when…
- Hydrostatic pressure is increased or decreased?
- Vascular permeability is increased or decreased?
- Oncotic pressure is increased or decreased?
- Lymphatic drainage is increased or decreased?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure is increased or decreased? (Increased)
  • Vascular permeability is increased or decreased? (Increased)
  • Oncotic pressure is increased or decreased? (Decreased)
  • Lymphatic drainage is increased or decreased? (Decreased)
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4
Q

Where does congestion and edema resultant of left heart failure appear in the body?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

Where does congestion and edema resulting from right heart failure appear in the body?

A

Congestion → liver/nutmeg; edema → abdominal cavity/ascites

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6
Q

PDAs are common in dogs, which breed categories are they most commonly associated with?

A

Toy and herding

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7
Q

Do PDAs lead to left or right heart failure?

A

Left heart failure

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8
Q

Do atrial septal defects lead to left or right heart failure?

A

Right heart failure

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9
Q

Do ventricular septal defects lead to left or right heart failure?

A

Left heart failure

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10
Q

What are the four defects found in the tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy

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11
Q

What is the term for any large nonclosure that leads to large pulmonary circulation from which pulmonary hypertension can then develop and lead to hypertrophy of the right ventricular myocardium or both the left and right ventricles?

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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12
Q

Pulmonic stenosis leads to concentric hypertrophy of which ventricle?

A

Right

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13
Q

What is a jet lesion, which is a possible sequela of subaortic stenosis?

A

Abnormalities in flow can lead to a weird texture anomaly of a vessel

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14
Q

Subaortic stenosis leads to hypertrophy of which ventricle?

A

Left

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15
Q

(T/F) Congenital valvular hematomas/hematocysts/lymphocysts have no functional consequence

A

True

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16
Q

Which of the heart valves, AV or semilunar, are usually affected with congenital valvular hematomas?

A

AV

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17
Q

Abnormal development of which arch of the fetal aorta leads to a vascular ring anomaly in which the esophagus and trachea can become entrapped?

A

4th

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18
Q

What is the term for accumulation of watery fluid in the pericardium?

A

Hydropericardium

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19
Q

In species other than cats (who typically need entire heart failure to get a hydropericardium), failure of which side of the heart will lead to a hydropericardium?

A

Right

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20
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression of the heart due to hydropericardium, prevents normal filling of the heart chambers

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21
Q

What is hemopericardium?

A

Accumulation of blood in pericardium

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22
Q

What causes hemopericardium in dogs?

A

Ruptured right atrium → hemangiosarcomas or idiopathic

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23
Q

What causes hemopericardium in horses?

A

Ruptured aorta → idiopathic

24
Q

What can occur to epicardial fat in severe cases of cachexia, anorexia, and/or starvation?

A

Serous atrophy

25
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis is associated with which route of spread?

A

Hematogenous

26
Q

Suppurative pericarditis is associated with which route of spread?

A

Direct extension

27
Q

What is another name for endocardiosis?

A

Myxomatous valvular degeneration

28
Q

Which valve of the heart is most commonly affected in endocardiosis?

A

Mitral

29
Q

Endocardiosis is common in which age group of dogs?

A

Old

30
Q

What two factors are needed to cause vegetative valvular endocarditis?

A

Bacteremia and turbulent blood flow

31
Q

Diffuse endocardial fibrosis is associated with what etiology?

A

Congenital

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of focal endocardial fibrosis?

A

Valvular insufficiency → jet lesions/endocardial fibrosis

33
Q

Vitamin D toxicosis leads to what type of endocardial mineralization, metastatic or dystrophic?

A

Metastatic

34
Q

Concentric hypertrophy is due to increased pressure or volume load?

A

Pressure

35
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy is due to increased pressure or volume load?

A

Volume

36
Q

Is compensatory myocardial hypertrophy in response to increased workload reversible?

A

Yes

37
Q

What species is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy commonly associated with?

A

Cats

38
Q

Thrombi in which two locations are common sequela of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

Left atrium and abdominal aortic bifurcation → saddle thrombus

39
Q

What is the secondary lesion of the impaired ventricular filling associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Atrial dilation

40
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with which species?

A

Dogs

41
Q

What size of dog breed is most commonly affected with dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Giant

42
Q

What type of diet is commonly related to dilated cardiomyopathy cases?

A

BEG → boutique, exotic, grain free

43
Q

What is right ventricular myocardium replaced by in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

Adipose or fibrofatty tissue

44
Q

What three clinical signs result with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

Sudden death, ventricular arrhythmia, syncope

45
Q

What vitamin deficiency leads to dystrophic myocardial mineralization?

A

Vitamin E aka selenium

46
Q

What does the above deficiency (Vitamin E aka selenium) cause that the dystrophic myocardial mineralization is typically secondary to?

A

Myocardial necrosis

47
Q

What is ‘brain-heart’ syndrome in dogs?

A

When the brain or spinal cord is injured it triggers an excessive release of catecholamines which leads to myocardial necrosis

48
Q

Myocarditis is associated with what route of spread?

A

Hematogenous

49
Q

Hemangiosarcomas are common in what species?

A

Dogs

50
Q

Hemangiosarcomas lead to _______________ which can cause a hemopericardium?

A

Right atrial rupture

51
Q

Lymphoma of the heart is most common in which species?

A

Cattle

52
Q

What virus is the most common cause of cardiac lymphoma in cattle?

A

Bovine leukosis virus

53
Q

What other locations are common sites of lymphoma in cattle?

A

Uterus, lymph nodes, and abomasum

54
Q

What virus can cause cardiac lymphoma in cats?

A

Feline leukemia virus

55
Q

Are chemodectomas located in the heart muscle at the base of the heart?

A

No, on or around, not in the heart muscle

56
Q

What type of dog are chemodectomas more commonly found in?

A

Brachycephalic

57
Q

What three things make up virchow’s triad and are causes of thrombosis?

A

Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability

Breathing and Cir. Exam 3 (7 decks)

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