Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Breathing and Cir. Exam 3 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

Development of new blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Process where existing blood vessels length or branch by sprouting, continues postnatally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does blood and vessel development first begin before development begins in the embryo?

A

Extra-embryonically aka from the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are ‘blood islands’?

A

Clusters of splanchnic mesoderm that lines the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(T/F) Hemangioblasts are lineage committed

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(T/F) Fetal hemoglobin is structurally the same as adult hemoglobin.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the angiogenic cell clusters in the cardiogenic plate give rise to?

A

Endocardial tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The cephalocaudal fold brings the heart dorsal or ventral to the pericardium?

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Listed below are the different linings/layers of the developing heart, give the structure they become postnatally.
- Endothelial lining →
- Myoepicardial layer →
- Visceral layer lining the pericardial cavity →

A
  • Endothelial lining → (Endocardium) - - - Myoepicardial layer → (Myocardium)
  • Visceral layer lining the pericardial cavity → (Epicardium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does the primitive heart go from a long tubular structure to a ‘S-shaped’ bent structure?

A

It is outgrowing the pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*What structures extend towards each other and fuse to create the left and right atrioventricular openings?

A

The endocardial ‘cushions’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the resulting anatomical structure of trabeculation (the process in which the heart grows without encroaching on the the luminal space of the ventricles, a balance between thickening of the heart walls and apoptosis of the endocardium) in the adult heart?

A

Trabeculae carneae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is pressure high in the right ventricle of the fetal heart?

A

Fetal lungs are not yet inflated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the name for the foramen that persists in the second atrial divider in the fetal heart?

A

Foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structures fuse in a twisting pattern to separate the common outflow tract of the fetal ventricles into two separate tracts, each serving one ventricle?

A

Trucoconal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the 4th arches of the fetal aorta form?

A

Right → right subclavian; left → aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the 6th arches of the fetal aorta form?

A

Right → proximal pulmonary artery; left → ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(T/F) Developmental cardiac anomalies are one the most common congenital defects faced by a general practitioner.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the incidence of congenital cardiac anomalies higher or lower in purebred dogs?

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does cyanosis result from?

A

Inadequate oxygenation of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the term for excessive fibrous tissue in the ventricular wall just preceding the aortic valve, the most common congenital cause for aortic stenosis?

A

Subvalvular aortic stenosis

22
Q

What does the narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract (aortic stenosis) cause?

A

Left ventricular overload → ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

The narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract, pulmonic stenosis, is usually caused by malformation of what?

A

Valves, valvular malformation

24
Q

Faulty development of what prenatal structure produces left/right AV valve leaflets that are too short?

A

Endocardial cushions

25
Q

Ventricular septal defects are reported in all species but is the most common cardiac malformation in small or large animals?

A

Large

26
Q

Which of the forms of ventricular septal defects are more common?

A

Membranous

27
Q

Besides a defective atrial septum, what else can cause an atrial septal defect?

A

Failure of foramen ovale to close

28
Q

In which atrium does the pressure need to be higher to keep the foramen ovale closed postnatally if it does not fuse properly?

A

Left atrium

29
Q

What malformation is the most common among the cyanotic malformations?

A

Tetralogy of fallot

30
Q

What are the four defects that make up the tetralogy of fallot?

A

Pulmonic stenosis, high ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

31
Q

(T/F) The tetralogy of fallot results from a single malformation.

A

True

32
Q

What is the most common cardiovascular anomaly in dogs, particularly poodles, collies and GSDs?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

33
Q

What adult structure is formed by the closing off of the ductus arteriosus by muscular action within hours after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

34
Q

Why is the murmur associated with a patent ductus arteriosus constant?

A

Blood moves through the ductus at all phases of the cardiac cycle

35
Q

What results from a persistent ductus venosus?

A

Portosystemic shunt

36
Q

Vascular ring anomalies are related to the incorrect development of what fetal structures?

A

Aortic arches

37
Q

Why do clinical signs associated with a persistent right aortic arch (in which the esophagus and trachea get trapped near the heart base between the right arch and the ligamentum arteriosum) tend not to show until weaning?

A

Milk easily slides past the pinch, not so much solid food

38
Q

In which species does ectopic heart malformations occur more often?

A

Cattle

39
Q

(T/F) If no other malformations occur with an ectopic heart, it is compatible with life.

A

True

40
Q

(T/F) The fetal lungs and liver are non-functional

A

True

41
Q

What four adult organs does the placenta function as for the fetus?

A

Lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines

42
Q

What does the ductus venosus bypass?

A

The liver

43
Q

What two structures are used to bypass the lungs in a fetus?

A

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

44
Q

What vessels does the fetal aorta give which carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted, waste-laden blood to the placenta for exchange?

A

Umbilical arteries

45
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein in adults?

A

Round ligament of the liver

46
Q

What are the remnants of the umbilical arteries in adults?

A

Round ligaments of the bladder

47
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus venosus in adults?

A

Ligamentum venosum

48
Q

In which species does the ductus venosus disappear during the latter part of gestation?

A

Neigh and oink

49
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale?

A

Fossa ovalis

50
Q

Right to left shunting PDAs are typically secondary to what?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

51
Q

Which of the PDA shunts, R → L or L → R, is non-cyanotic?

A

L → R

52
Q

The cyanosis resulting from R → L shunts is typically seen in the caudal or cranial parts of the body?

A

Caudal

Breathing and Cir. Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions