Anesthesia Flashcards
Of the ruminant groups (dairy, beef, and small) which need lower doses of anesthetic drugs? Two answers.
Dairy and small
What is important for a halter not to do when being used on a camelid?
Slip forward on nose, could compromise the airway and lead to stress and panic (and more hissing, kicking, spitting, and biting, how lovely)
How long should large ruminants fast to reduce their risk of tympany, regurgitation and aspiration and avoid emptying the rumen too much?
24-48 hours
Why should anticholinergic use be avoided in ruminants? Two answers.
Ileus and increases viscosity of saliva which ruminants already produce a lot of → increased risk of airway obstruction
Why is it common for camelids to be on omeprazole when they might be undergoing stress, such as anesthesia?
Omeprazole = antacid; camelids = stress ulcers
What does the degree of regurgitation in ruminants and camelids depend on?
Animal position
In which position is the incidence of regurgitation the highest?
Dorsal recumbency
What can be done when a ruminant/camelid is in a lateral position to reduce the incidence of regurgitation?
Elevate middle portion of the neck with a pillow/towel, allows any regurge that occurs to drain out of the mouth instead of going back into the oral cavity
In which position is ruminal tympany less likely to occur?
Sternal
What can distention of the rumen result in? Four answers.
Reduced lung volume, respiratory distress, hypoxemia, and decrease cardiac output
Ruminants and camelids have smaller/larger tidal volumes and higher/lower respiratory rates than dogs and cats.
Smaller, higher
What two side effects of anesthesia related to gas content of their blood are common in ruminants/camelids during spontaneous ventilation?
Hypercapnia and hypoxemia
What monitoring equipment would let you know that a patient has the abnormalities that answer the question above? (Hypercapnia and hypoxemia)
Hypercapnia - EtCO2 or blood gases; hypoxemia - pulse ox
What is the oxygen flow rate for an adult bovine patient?
15 L/min
How can dorsal/lateral positioning of a ruminant or camelids lead to hypoxemia?
Weight of abdominal viscera decreases the functional reserve capacity of the lungs which leads to a ventilation-perfusion mismatch = hypoxemia
Dorsal/lateral position of a ruminant/camelid compresses the caudal vena cava, what does this lead to?
Decreased venous return → decreased cardiac output and blood pressure
Which three nerves are more commonly affected when a ruminant/camelid is left in a dorsal/lateral position for too long with inadequate padding?
Radial, peroneal, and tibial
What do you need to ensure to prevent myopathy?
Ensure normal blood pressure
(T/F) Camelids do not have a jugular groove.
True
Which side of the neck is preferred for a jugular catheter in camelids?
Right
Why might a venous and arterial sample of blood look similar in terms of bright redness in a camelid patient?
Camelids are high altitude animals = high oxygenation even in venous blood
How can you test in a camelid patient if your catheter is in an artery versus a vein?
Open the port, if it gushes, probably an artery; isn’t vet med nice
What shape are camelid erythrocytes?
Ellipsoidal
What are alternative veins that can be used for small ruminants if you cannot hit the jugular? Four answers.
Auricular, cephalic, saphenous, and coccygeal
If you fast a calf, kid, lamb, or cria for greater than > 4 hours, what are you putting them at risk of?
Hypoglycemia
Why should you avoid excessive fasting in ruminants/camelids? Two answers.
Change in ruminal flora and risk of ketosis
Which alpha 2 agonist are ruminants very sensitive to and which can induce abortions in the third trimester similarly to oxytocin?
Xylazine
What is the dose for alpha 2 agonists for large ruminants/camelids when compared to the dose for horses?
Large ruminants → 1/10 of the dose for a horse
Why should alpha 2 agonist use be avoided in small ruminants? Two answers.
Causes pulmonary edema and hypoxemia
What side effect is associated with large doses and prolonged treatment with opioids in ruminants/camelids?
GI stasis
(T/F) Ruminants and camelids love benzodiazepines.
True
Which route of administration should be used for diazepam always?
IV
What three drugs are in a ‘ketamine stun’, which is used for standing sedation?
Butorphanol, xylazine, and ketamine
Give some examples of when you might use a ketamine stun (Dr. P listed 3 and that’s what I will list but there’s probably lots more).
Laparotomy in range cattle, endoscopy, head examinations
Are the MACs for iso and sevo lower/higher/same for ruminants/camelids when compared to small animal MACs?
Iso - lower; sevo - same
What is the weight cut off for using a small animal anesthesia machine in a ruminant/camelid?
<150 kgs
(T/F) A majority of ruminant/camelid surgical procedures are done with regional anesthesia and sedation.
True
What is the shorter acting regional block drug mixture (where morphine lasts 20-24 hours, this lasts 5 hours)?
Lidocaine and xylazine
Why is it necessary to use a stylet when intubating a small ruminant?
Their mouth is small, putting the ET tube in occludes your vision so use small stylet first then feed tube over, voila
In which species of ruminants (bovine, caprine, ovine, camelids) does the position of the eyeballs correlate well with depth of anesthesia?
Bovine
What position should ruminants and camelids be recovered in if they still have an intubation tube in?
Sternal position with head down
Why do you only want to partially deflate your cuff before extubating a ruminant/camelid patient?
The slightly inflated cuff will draw out any potentially regurgitated material and prevent it from going into the trachea
Why should you manually restrain the neck of camelids when recovering them from anesthesia?
Tend to slam their neck around, restraint can prevent trauma/injury
What is administered to camelids, who are obligate nasal breathers, to avoid nasal obstruction?
Phenylephrine nasal spray
Why are pigs difficult to restrain? Two answers.
Body shape and lack of ungraspable appendages
What are pigs susceptible to during intubation that is similar to cats?
Laryngeal spasms
What species do you find a palatal ostium that WILL get in your way during intubation?
Guinea pigs
Why are small exotics susceptible to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory arrest?
Resp rate is normally high and tidal volume is very small; if you cut out the high respiratory rate by inducing anesthesia, the tidal volume is still very small → hypoxemia, hypercapnia, respiratory arrest
Which vein is most commonly used in pigs for administration of drugs or placement of a catheter?
Auricular
If you administer alpha 2 agonists to a pig patient, why might you then have difficulty in placing your catheter?
Vasoconstriction