Pathology

Question 1

Define pathology

Answer 1

The study of the causes and effects of disease

Question 2

What does Histopathology focus on?

Answer 2

The study of tissue

Question 3

What do Histopathologists specialise in?

Answer 3

The post-mortem investigation of suspicious death

Question 4

What 3 things happen first when there is an infection?

Answer 4

Increased blood flow
Increased epithelium permeability
Protein rich plasma enters tissue

Question 5

What are the 4 Cardinal signs of infection?

Answer 5

Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain

Question 6

What 4 things make up puss

Answer 6

Neutrophils, Bacteria, Dead Tissue, Exudate

Question 7

What type of bacteria cause pus to be produced

Answer 7

Pyogenic bacteria

Question 8

What is an abscess

Answer 8

A collection of pus in a new space

Question 9

What is an Empyema?

Answer 9

A collection of pus in a pre-existing space

Question 10

What causes Coagulative Necrosis?

Answer 10

Severe Ischaemia in solid organs

Question 11

What causes Liquefactive necrosis and where does it occur?

Answer 11

Occurs in the brain due to enzyme release

Question 12

Where is Caseous Necrosis found?

Answer 12

Found in TB patients

Question 13

Where does Fat necrosis occur?

Answer 13

The breast and Pancreas

Question 14

Where does Fibrinoid necrosis occur?

Answer 14

In damaged arteries

Question 15

What is Haemorrhagic Necrosis and what causes it?

Answer 15

Dead tissue packed with RBC due to blocked venous drainage

Question 16

What is Apoptosis and what are the benefits over necrosis?

Answer 16

programmed cell death, it minimises injury to surrounding cells and components of the cell can be recycled

Question 17

What occurs in the initiation stage of apoptosis?

Answer 17

Apoptosis is stimulated by Bax protein and pores form in the mitochondria

Question 18

What occurs in the Execution stage of Apoptosis?

Answer 18

Activation of Initiator and Executioner Caspasases which lead to endonuclease activation, breakdown of cytoskeleton and apoptopic body formation

Question 19

What occurs in the disposal phase of Apoptosis?

Answer 19

Phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 20

What is Ischaemia?

Answer 20

A hypoxic injury due to lack of blood flow

Question 21

What is an Infarction?

Answer 21

Necrosis due to Ischaemia

Question 22

What is Autolysis

Answer 22

Death of cells due to a release of digestive enzymes from within a cell

Question 23

What causes Autolysis

Answer 23

The death of an organism or removal of the autolysed tissue from the organism

Question 24

How can Autolysis be prevented?

Answer 24

Using formaldehyde