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FoM > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does Homozygous genes mean?

A

The 2 copies of the gene are the same

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2
Q

What does Hetrozygous mean?

A

The 2 copies of the gene are different

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3
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical expression of a gene, formed from both the gene itself and its interaction with the environment

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4
Q

What bases are Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

What bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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6
Q

What bond holds nucleotides together and what does it form between?

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester bond on neighbouring Deoxyribose sugars

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7
Q

What is Chargaffs ration?

A

The amount of A=T and C=G so they must be complementary to each other

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8
Q

What are the 2 arrows pointing at?

A

Replication forks

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9
Q

What is arrow 1 pointing at?

A

Leading Strand

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10
Q

What is arrow 2 pointing at?

A

Lagging strand

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11
Q

How is the lagging strand in replication synthesised?

A

In Okazaki fragments (1000-2000bp long and joined by DNA ligase)

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12
Q

What do polymerases have to prevent incorrect base pairing?

A

Exonucleases excise incorrect pairs

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13
Q

What is the primary function of mRNA?

A

Coding for proteins

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14
Q

What is the primary function of rRNA?

A

forming Ribosomes and catalysing protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the primary function of tRNA?

A

Adapts between mRNA and Amino acids

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16
Q

What is the primary function of sRNA?

A

Splicing

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17
Q

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II

A

Catalysing the synthesis of precursor mRNA

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18
Q

What is a promoter?

A

An asymmetrical site of transcription initiation

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19
Q

What do Transcriptional activators do?

A

Help attract RNA Polymerase II to promoters

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20
Q

What is the term for Junk DNA?

A

Transposons

21
Q

Define a Gene

A

A DNA sequence that encodes for an RNA product

22
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

Amino acids make up a single polypeptide

23
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

Hydrogen bonding between Carbons of polypeptide

24
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure?

A

Interactions between R groups causes folding into a 3D shape

25
Q

What is a quarternary protein structure?

A

Interactions between multiple polypeptides forms a functional molecule.

26
Q

In a living cell what helps fold proteins?

A

Chaperone cells

27
Q

What is the primary factor that determines folding in a polypeptide?

A

Distribution of polar and non-polar side chains

28
Q

What is a protein domain?

A

A substrate produced by part of a polypeptide that can fold independently into a stable conformation.

29
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

An insoluble structural protein

30
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

Polypeptide chains are folded together in a knot like shape to produce dynamic functions

31
Q

What is gated protein transport?

A

Transport regulated by selective protein complexes

32
Q

What is transmembrane protein transport?

A

Relies on a signal peptide to tell protein

translocators where to move proteins across a membrane

33
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Vesicles bud off one compartment and fuse to another

34
Q

What are the 4 levels of transcriptional control?

A

Binding of RNA polymerase, Long range control of locus regions, Chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation

35
Q

What is operon?

A

A cluster of genes that makes up mRNA, it is clustered by prokaryotes

36
Q

What do operon promoters bind to to turn off transcription?

A

Tryptophan receptors

37
Q

In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA processing?

A

Alternative splicing and RNA editing

38
Q

In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA export?

A

Where nuclear export is controlled

39
Q

In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA localisation?

A

mRNA can be directed to specific cytoplasm areas for local production

40
Q

In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is regulation of mRNA stability?

A

Allows immediate response to environment

41
Q

Define Genomics

A

The study of genomes, their organisation and evolution using nucleotide sequencing and gene mapping

42
Q

Define cytogenetics

A

The study of the structure of chromosomes

43
Q

What is Giemsa staining?

A

A method of staining that has shown a unique banding pattern in chromosomes

44
Q

What is Karyotyping

A

A procedure to identify how many chromosomes there are in a gene.

45
Q

Define polypoidy

A

An extra complete set of chromosomes

46
Q

Define Aneuploidy

A

One or more chromosomes are missing

47
Q

Define a mutation

A

A permanent transmissible change in genetic material

48
Q

Define polymorphism

A

The existence of 2+ alleles in a population may be neutral or predispose to disease

FoM (9 decks)

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