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FoM > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does Homozygous genes mean?

A

The 2 copies of the gene are the same

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2
Q

What does Hetrozygous mean?

A

The 2 copies of the gene are different

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3
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical expression of a gene, formed from both the gene itself and its interaction with the environment

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4
Q

What bases are Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

What bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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6
Q

What bond holds nucleotides together and what does it form between?

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester bond on neighbouring Deoxyribose sugars

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7
Q

What is Chargaffs ration?

A

The amount of A=T and C=G so they must be complementary to each other

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8
Q

What are the 2 arrows pointing at?

A

Replication forks

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9
Q

What is arrow 1 pointing at?

A

Leading Strand

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10
Q

What is arrow 2 pointing at?

A

Lagging strand

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11
Q

How is the lagging strand in replication synthesised?

A

In Okazaki fragments (1000-2000bp long and joined by DNA ligase)

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12
Q

What do polymerases have to prevent incorrect base pairing?

A

Exonucleases excise incorrect pairs

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13
Q

What is the primary function of mRNA?

A

Coding for proteins

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14
Q

What is the primary function of rRNA?

A

forming Ribosomes and catalysing protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the primary function of tRNA?

A

Adapts between mRNA and Amino acids

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16
Q

What is the primary function of sRNA?

A

Splicing

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17
Q

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II

A

Catalysing the synthesis of precursor mRNA

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18
Q

What is a promoter?

A

An asymmetrical site of transcription initiation

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19
Q

What do Transcriptional activators do?

A

Help attract RNA Polymerase II to promoters

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20
Q

What is the term for Junk DNA?

A

Transposons

21
Q

Define a Gene

A

A DNA sequence that encodes for an RNA product

22
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

Amino acids make up a single polypeptide

23
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

Hydrogen bonding between Carbons of polypeptide

24
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure?

A

Interactions between R groups causes folding into a 3D shape

25
What is a quarternary protein structure?
Interactions between multiple polypeptides forms a functional molecule.
26
In a living cell what helps fold proteins?
Chaperone cells
27
What is the primary factor that determines folding in a polypeptide?
Distribution of polar and non-polar side chains
28
What is a protein domain?
A substrate produced by part of a polypeptide that can fold independently into a stable conformation.
29
What is a fibrous protein?
An insoluble structural protein
30
What is a globular protein?
Polypeptide chains are folded together in a knot like shape to produce dynamic functions
31
What is gated protein transport?
Transport regulated by selective protein complexes
32
What is transmembrane protein transport?
Relies on a signal peptide to tell protein | translocators where to move proteins across a membrane
33
What is vesicular transport?
Vesicles bud off one compartment and fuse to another
34
What are the 4 levels of transcriptional control?
Binding of RNA polymerase, Long range control of locus regions, Chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation
35
What is operon?
A cluster of genes that makes up mRNA, it is clustered by prokaryotes
36
What do operon promoters bind to to turn off transcription?
Tryptophan receptors
37
In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA processing?
Alternative splicing and RNA editing
38
In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA export?
Where nuclear export is controlled
39
In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is mRNA localisation?
mRNA can be directed to specific cytoplasm areas for local production
40
In terms of posttranscriptional regulation what is regulation of mRNA stability?
Allows immediate response to environment
41
Define Genomics
The study of genomes, their organisation and evolution using nucleotide sequencing and gene mapping
42
Define cytogenetics
The study of the structure of chromosomes
43
What is Giemsa staining?
A method of staining that has shown a unique banding pattern in chromosomes
44
What is Karyotyping
A procedure to identify how many chromosomes there are in a gene.
45
Define polypoidy
An extra complete set of chromosomes
46
Define Aneuploidy
One or more chromosomes are missing
47
Define a mutation
A permanent transmissible change in genetic material
48
Define polymorphism
The existence of 2+ alleles in a population may be neutral or predispose to disease

FoM (9 decks)

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