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FoM > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is label E called?

A

Medial Epicondyle

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2
Q

What is Label D called?

A

Shaft of the humerus

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3
Q

What is label C called?

A

Head of the Humerus

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4
Q

What is label B called?

A

Coracoid Process

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5
Q

What is label A called?

A

Clavicle

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6
Q

What does label B show?

A

Inferior Articulating Surface

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7
Q

What does label A show?

A

Superior Articulating Surface

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8
Q

What does label B show?

A

Spinous Process

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9
Q

What does label A show?

A

Invertebral Foramen

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10
Q

What does label F show?

A

Spinal Body

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11
Q

What does label E show?

A

Pedicle

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12
Q

What does label D show?

A

Vertebral Foramen

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13
Q

What does label C show?

A

Transverse Process

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14
Q

What does label B show?

A

Lamina

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15
Q

What does label A show?

A

Spinous Process

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16
Q

What condition does this image show?

A

Kyphosis

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17
Q

What condition does this image show?

A

Scoliosis

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18
Q

What is label E showing?

A

The Coccyx

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19
Q

What is label D showing?

A

Sacrum

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20
Q

What is label C showing?

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

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21
Q

What is label B showing?

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

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22
Q

What is label A showing?

A

Cervical Vertebrae

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23
Q

What does Label F show?

A

The Occipital Bone

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24
Q

What does Label E show?

A

The Mastoid Process

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25
Q

What does label D show?

A

The Mandible

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26
Q

What does label C show?

A

The maxilla

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27
Q

What is Bone B called?

A

The Temporal Bone

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28
Q

What is Bone A called?

A

The Paretial

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29
Q

Where do the Occipital Condyles lie?

A

Inferior side of skull either side of the foramen magnum

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30
Q

What are immovable fibrous joints known as?

A

Sutures

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31
Q

What is the largest hole in the skull?

A

Foramen Magnum

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32
Q

What is Bone H called?

A

The Parietal

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33
Q

What is part G on the diagram called?

A

The Orbit

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34
Q

What is Bone F called?

A

The temporal bone

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35
Q

What is Bone E called?

A

The Maxilla

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36
Q

What is Bone D called?

A

The Mandible

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37
Q

What is Bone C called?

A

Zygomatic Bone

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38
Q

What is Bone B called?

A

The Nasal Bone

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39
Q

What is Bone A called?

A

The Frontal Bone

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40
Q

What are the 5 things that make up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils

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41
Q

What are the 2 superior heart chambers?

A

Left and Right Atria

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42
Q

What are the 2 inferior heart chambers?

A

Left and Right Ventricles

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43
Q

What separates 2 sides of the heart?

A

Septa

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44
Q

What are the Trilaminar disc layers called?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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45
Q

Blastocyst

A

A fluid filled cavity

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46
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer cells of the blastocyst that secrete enzymes that allow for implantation

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47
Q

Embryoblast

A

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which is the developing human organism

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48
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity

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49
Q

What does the Ectoderm make up?

A

Nervous system, face, skin, teeth, eyes and inner ear

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50
Q

Mesoderm

A

Skeletal, muscular, vascular and connective tissue, epithelia of genitals and urinary system

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51
Q

What is label K called?

A

Greater Tuberosity

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52
Q

What is label J called?

A

Lesser Tuberosity

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53
Q

What is label I called?

A

Scapula

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54
Q

What is label H called?

A

Lateral Epicondyle

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55
Q

What is label G called?

A

The radius

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56
Q

What is label F called?

A

The Ulna

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57
Q

What does Endoderm make up?

A

Gut, epithelium, digestive organs

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58
Q

Blastula

A

Early embryonic form produced by cleavage of the zygote

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59
Q

Gastrulation

A

The process of forming 3 germ layers

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60
Q

Embryogenesis

A

The formation and development of an embryo

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61
Q

Organogenesis

A

The development of organs

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62
Q

What are Transitional epithelium

A

a stratified tissue in which the cells are round when the organ is not distended

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63
Q

What are pseudostratified epithelium

A

A single layer of cells but with nuclei arranged as though it is a stratified epithelia

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64
Q

What does a simple epithelial cell mean

A

One cell thick

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65
Q

What are stratified epithelium

A

Epithelium that are many cells thick

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66
Q

What term relates to flattened epithelia

A

Squamous

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67
Q

What term relates to cube like epithelium

A

Cuboidal

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68
Q

What term refers to epithelium arranged in columns

A

Columnar

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69
Q

How many Cervical Vertebrae are there?

A

7

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70
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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71
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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72
Q

Where do the carpals articulate?

A

The Radius

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73
Q

The Ulna is ______ and the Radius ______ to provide ______

A

Fixed
Rotates
Forearm Rotation

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74
Q

Where does the Humerus articulate?

A

The Glenoid Cavity

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75
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and Socket Synovial Joint

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76
Q

What is the shoulder joint known as?

A

The Glenohumeral Joint

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77
Q

What does Label A show?

A

Hip Bone

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78
Q

Label all the bones in the hand

A
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79
Q

What does label B show?

A

Femur

80
Q

What does Label C show?

A

The Patella

81
Q

What does Label D show?

A

Tibia

82
Q

What does Label E show?

A

Fibula

83
Q

What does Label F show?

A

Sacrum

84
Q

What binds the Pelvic Girdle?

A

The Axial skeleton and the sacro-iliac joints

85
Q

Why is the pelvis tilted in the upright position?

A

So the anterior superior iliac spines and the pubic symphysis lie in the same vertical place

86
Q

The ilium forms a large curvated plate of bone, wher does this reach?

A

Superior to the iliac crest

87
Q

Where does the ischium lie?

A

Inferior to the pubis and ilium

88
Q

Where do the ilium, ischium and pubis meet?

A

The acetabulum, a deep lateral socket which articulates with the head of the femur

89
Q

Label all parts of the Femur

A
90
Q

What is the purpose of the Tibia?

A

It is used to bear weight through the leg

91
Q

What is the purpose of the Fibula?

A

It is used for muscle attachment

92
Q

Where are the medial and lateral malleolus respectively?

A

End of the Tibia and Fibula

93
Q

Name all Bones in the foot

A
94
Q

What is significant about Loose CT and where is it found?

A

It has more cells than fibresand surrounds vessels and organs

95
Q

What is significant about Regular Dense Connective Tissue?

A

It has strongly aligned fibres so is used for rigid structures.

96
Q

What is significant about Irregular Dense Connective Tissue

A

Lots of unaligned Fibres so it derives its strength from its density

97
Q

What are all the types of Connective Tissue?

A

Loose Proper CT,
Dense Regular Proper CT,
Dense Irregular Proper CT,
Special CT (Cartilage),
Special CT (Bone)

98
Q

Where is Elastic Cartilage found?

A

Highly flexible so is found in the epiglottis, auditory tube and pinna of the ear

99
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

Synovial Joints and Growth Plates

100
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Secondary Cartilaginous Joint

101
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

The outer shell of long bones or irregular shaped bones

102
Q

What is significant about cancellous bone?

A

Lighter than compact bone and highly pourous, it is irregular in strucure and contains trabeculae

103
Q

What does label one show?

A

Pectoralis major muscle

104
Q

What does label 2 show?

A

Serratus Anterior muscle

105
Q

What does label 3 show?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

106
Q

What does label 4 show?

A

Rectus abdominis muscles

107
Q

What does label 5 show?

A

Quadratus Lumborum muscles

108
Q

What does label 6 show?

A

Transversus abdominis muscles

109
Q

What does label 7 show?

A

Pyramidalis muscle

110
Q

What does label 8 show?

A

Cremaster muscle

111
Q

What does label 9 show?

A

Subclavius muscle

112
Q

What does label 10 show?

A

Pectoralis minor muscle

113
Q

What does label 11 show?

A

External Intercostal muscles

114
Q

What does label 12 show?

A

Subcostal muscles

115
Q

What does label 13 show?

A

Transversus thoracis muscle

116
Q

What does label 14 show?

A

Internal Oblique Muscles

117
Q

What does label A show?

A

Trapezius muscle

118
Q

What does Label B show? (Joint)

A

Acromioclavicular joint

119
Q

What does Label C show?

A

Acromion

120
Q

What does Label D show?

A

Deltoid muscle

121
Q

What does Label E show?

A

Latissimus dorsi muscle

122
Q

What does Label F show?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

123
Q

What does Label G show?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

124
Q

What does Label H show?

A

Subclavius muscle

125
Q

What does Label A show?

A

Biceps Brachii

126
Q

What does Label B show?

A

Brachialis

127
Q

What does Label E show?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

128
Q

What does Label G show?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

129
Q

What does Label H show?

A

Flexor Digitorum superficialis

130
Q

What does Label I show?

A

Supinator

131
Q

What does Label K show?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

132
Q

What is the shaded region muscle called?

A

Iliopsoas muscle

133
Q

What does Label A show?

A

Gastrocnemius

134
Q

What does Label B show?

A

Soleus

135
Q

What does Label C show?

A

Achilles tendon

136
Q

What does the blue region show?

A

Extensor carpi radialis (Longus is superior to the Brevis)

137
Q

What does the yellow region show?

A

Extensor digitorum

138
Q

What is the purple region called?

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

139
Q

What regulates Smooth muscle tissue?

A

Autonomic nervous system

140
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of smooth muscle tissue?

A

It is non-striated

141
Q

Give two distinguishing features of skeletal muscle

A

Striated and multinucelate

142
Q

What controls skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic nervous system

143
Q

Give 2 distinguishing features of cardiac muscle

A

Striated and mononucleate

144
Q

What controls the rate of contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

The Autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

145
Q

What forms the dark and light bands of the sarcomere?

A

Actin forms the I (light) band, Myosin forms the A (dark) band

146
Q

What do varying calcium ion concentrations cause tropomyosin and troponin complexes to do?

A

Enable of disable actin-myosin cross bridges

147
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of tubules and cisternae that store intracellular calcium ions

148
Q

Define the Transverse tubular system

A

The invagination of the sarcolemma that conveys action potential from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

149
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

150
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Innervates structures in the Thorax and abdomen

151
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 symmetrical pairs

152
Q

What is meant by a nerve fibre within the PNS

A

The axon, supporting Schwann cells and myelin sheath

153
Q

Nerves consist of many fascicles of what?

A

Nerve fibres

154
Q

What do nerves transmit and between where?

A

Sensory AND motor information between the CNS and rest of the body

155
Q

What binds together nerve fascicles?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue called epineurium

156
Q

What is each nerve fascicle surrounded by?

A

Between 2 and 7 layers of specialised cells called perineurium

157
Q

Within a nerve fascicles what is each fibre embedded in?

A

Loose connective tissue called Endoneurium

158
Q

In an adult where does the spinal cord begin and what does it join?

A

It begins at the Foramen Magnum and is continuous with the medulla oblongata

159
Q

Where does the spinal cod end and what is the end of it called?

A

Between L1-L2, the end is a cone like extremity called the conus medullaris

160
Q

Where do the Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal spinal segments lie?

A

Between T11-L2

161
Q

The spinal cord is divided into 2 sections, what are these and where within the spinal cord are they?

A

An inner H shaped grey matter and an outer white matter

162
Q

What is grey matter?

A

cell bodies of neurons arranged into a dorsal or ventral horn

163
Q

What is white matter and what causes the white colour?

A

Longitudinally oriented nerve fibres, the white colour is caused by myelinated axons

164
Q

What are the 3 layers that enclose the spinal cord?

A

The meninges. They are layers of connective tissue starting at eh outside and going in are called the dura matter, Arachnoid matter and Pia matter

165
Q

What is the Posterior root of a spinal nerve and what does it do?

A

The Dorsal root transmits sensory information towards the spinal cord

166
Q

What is the anterior root of a spinal nerve and what does it do?

A

The Ventral root transmits motor information away from the spinal cord

167
Q

Where are multipolar motor neurons located?

A

The ventral horn of grey matter

168
Q

Where are pseudounipolar sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

169
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

170
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge and what do the do after emerging?

A

The intervertebral column, the divide into small dorsal ramus and large ventral ramus

171
Q

how do roots differ from rami?

A

roots contain either motor or sensory information, rami contain both

172
Q

Do Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral spinal nerves emerge from above or below their numerical vertebrae?

A

Below

173
Q

Do Cervical spinal nerves emerge from above or below their numerical vertebrae?

A

Above apart from C8 which appears between C7 and T1

174
Q

In the thoracic region what does the Ventral ramus do to supply the intercostal muscles?

A

Each ventral ramus forms an intercostal nerve which passes anteriorly in the intercostal space to give branches to the intercostal muscles

175
Q

In the thoracic region what does the Ventral ramus do to supply the skin?

A

It forms a lateral cutaneous branch and an anterior cutaneous branch to supply the skin

176
Q

In the thoracic region what does the Dorsal ramus supply?

A

The erector spinae group of muscles

177
Q

When transmitting sensory information if an axon enters the spinal cord what two things may it do?

A

synapse with a motor neuron at the same segmental level or transmit up the spinal cord to the brain

178
Q

What will the SNS transmit motor information leaving the spinal cord to?

A

Striated muscle

179
Q

Define myotome

A

Skeletal muscle receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve

180
Q

Define Dermatome

A

Skin receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve

181
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast involuntary action that occurs through the somatic reflex arc at the segmental level

182
Q

What do Autonomic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses distribute to?

A

Blood vessels and viscera

183
Q

What are Autonomic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses that accompany major arteries called?

A

Perivascular plexuses

184
Q

What do Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses distribute to?

A

Skin, voluntary muscle and joints

185
Q

What are Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses formed from?

A

Ventral Rami

186
Q

In each Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses there is reorganisation of nerve axons, what does this allow?

A

Ventral rami can be distributed to different structures

187
Q

What do the Ventral rami of C1-C4 form and what does it do?

A

The Cervical Plexus, it supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and shoulders

188
Q

What do the Ventral rami of C5-C8 along with T1 form and what does it do?

A

The Brachial Plexus, it supplies the upper limbs through 5 main nerves

189
Q

What do the Ventral rami of L1-L4 form and what does it do and through what 2 nerves?

A

The Lumbar plexus, it supplies the anterior and medial aspect of the thigh through the femoral and obturator nerves

190
Q

What do the Ventral rami of L4,L5 and S1-S4 form and what does it do and through which nerve?

A

The Sacral Plexus which supplies the posterior part of the thigh, leg and foot via the Sciatic nerve

191
Q

What does the Axillary nerve belong to and what does it supply?

A

The Brachial Plexus, supplies the shoulder region

192
Q

What does the Radial nerve belong to and what does it supply?

A

The Brachial Plexus, It supplies the back of the arm, forearm and hand

193
Q

What does the Musculocutaneous nerve belong to and what does it supply?

A

The brachial plexus, it supplies the arm

194
Q

What does the Ulnar nerve belong to and what does it supply?

A

The Brachial plexus, it supplies the forearm and hand

195
Q

What does the median nerve belong to and what does it supply?

A

The Brachial Plexus, It supplies the arm and hand

FoM (9 decks)

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