Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is label E called?
A
Medial Epicondyle
2
Q
What is Label D called?
A
Shaft of the humerus
3
Q
What is label C called?
A
Head of the Humerus
4
Q
What is label B called?
A
Coracoid Process
5
Q
What is label A called?
A
Clavicle
6
Q
What does label B show?
A
Inferior Articulating Surface
7
Q
What does label A show?
A
Superior Articulating Surface
8
Q
What does label B show?
A
Spinous Process
9
Q
What does label A show?
A
Invertebral Foramen
10
Q
What does label F show?
A
Spinal Body
11
Q
What does label E show?
A
Pedicle
12
Q
What does label D show?
A
Vertebral Foramen
13
Q
What does label C show?
A
Transverse Process
14
Q
What does label B show?
A
Lamina
15
Q
What does label A show?
A
Spinous Process
16
Q
What condition does this image show?
A
Kyphosis
17
Q
What condition does this image show?
A
Scoliosis
18
Q
What is label E showing?
A
The Coccyx
19
Q
What is label D showing?
A
Sacrum
20
Q
What is label C showing?
A
Lumbar Vertebrae
21
Q
What is label B showing?
A
Thoracic Vertebrae
22
Q
What is label A showing?
A
Cervical Vertebrae
23
Q
What does Label F show?
A
The Occipital Bone
24
Q
What does Label E show?
A
The Mastoid Process
25
What does label D show?
The Mandible
26
What does label C show?
The maxilla
27
What is Bone B called?
The Temporal Bone
28
What is Bone A called?
The Paretial
29
Where do the Occipital Condyles lie?
Inferior side of skull either side of the foramen magnum
30
What are immovable fibrous joints known as?
Sutures
31
What is the largest hole in the skull?
Foramen Magnum
32
What is Bone H called?
The Parietal
33
What is part G on the diagram called?
The Orbit
34
What is Bone F called?
The temporal bone
35
What is Bone E called?
The Maxilla
36
What is Bone D called?
The Mandible
37
What is Bone C called?
Zygomatic Bone
38
What is Bone B called?
The Nasal Bone
39
What is Bone A called?
The Frontal Bone
40
What are the 5 things that make up the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils
41
What are the 2 superior heart chambers?
Left and Right Atria
42
What are the 2 inferior heart chambers?
Left and Right Ventricles
43
What separates 2 sides of the heart?
Septa
44
What are the Trilaminar disc layers called?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
45
Blastocyst
A fluid filled cavity
46
Trophoblast
Outer cells of the blastocyst that secrete enzymes that allow for implantation
47
Embryoblast
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which is the developing human organism
48
Ectopic pregnancy
When the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity
49
What does the Ectoderm make up?
Nervous system, face, skin, teeth, eyes and inner ear
50
Mesoderm
Skeletal, muscular, vascular and connective tissue, epithelia of genitals and urinary system
51
What is label K called?
Greater Tuberosity
52
What is label J called?
Lesser Tuberosity
53
What is label I called?
Scapula
54
What is label H called?
Lateral Epicondyle
55
What is label G called?
The radius
56
What is label F called?
The Ulna
57
What does Endoderm make up?
Gut, epithelium, digestive organs
58
Blastula
Early embryonic form produced by cleavage of the zygote
59
Gastrulation
The process of forming 3 germ layers
60
Embryogenesis
The formation and development of an embryo
61
Organogenesis
The development of organs
62
What are Transitional epithelium
a stratified tissue in which the cells are round when the organ is not distended
63
What are pseudostratified epithelium
A single layer of cells but with nuclei arranged as though it is a stratified epithelia
64
What does a simple epithelial cell mean
One cell thick
65
What are stratified epithelium
Epithelium that are many cells thick
66
What term relates to flattened epithelia
Squamous
67
What term relates to cube like epithelium
Cuboidal
68
What term refers to epithelium arranged in columns
Columnar
69
How many Cervical Vertebrae are there?
7
70
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
71
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
72
Where do the carpals articulate?
The Radius
73
The Ulna is ______ and the Radius ______ to provide \_\_\_\_\_\_
Fixed
Rotates
Forearm Rotation
74
Where does the Humerus articulate?
The Glenoid Cavity
75
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and Socket Synovial Joint
76
What is the shoulder joint known as?
The Glenohumeral Joint
77
What does Label A show?
Hip Bone
78
Label all the bones in the hand
79
What does label B show?
Femur
80
What does Label C show?
The Patella
81
What does Label D show?
Tibia
82
What does Label E show?
Fibula
83
What does Label F show?
Sacrum
84
What binds the Pelvic Girdle?
The Axial skeleton and the sacro-iliac joints
85
Why is the pelvis tilted in the upright position?
So the anterior superior iliac spines and the pubic symphysis lie in the same vertical place
86
The ilium forms a large curvated plate of bone, wher does this reach?
Superior to the iliac crest
87
Where does the ischium lie?
Inferior to the pubis and ilium
88
Where do the ilium, ischium and pubis meet?
The acetabulum, a deep lateral socket which articulates with the head of the femur
89
Label all parts of the Femur
90
What is the purpose of the Tibia?
It is used to bear weight through the leg
91
What is the purpose of the Fibula?
It is used for muscle attachment
92
Where are the medial and lateral malleolus respectively?
End of the Tibia and Fibula
93
Name all Bones in the foot
94
What is significant about Loose CT and where is it found?
It has more cells than fibresand surrounds vessels and organs
95
What is significant about Regular Dense Connective Tissue?
It has strongly aligned fibres so is used for rigid structures.
96
What is significant about Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
Lots of unaligned Fibres so it derives its strength from its density
97
What are all the types of Connective Tissue?
Loose Proper CT,
Dense Regular Proper CT,
Dense Irregular Proper CT,
Special CT (Cartilage),
Special CT (Bone)
98
Where is Elastic Cartilage found?
Highly flexible so is found in the epiglottis, auditory tube and pinna of the ear
99
Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?
Synovial Joints and Growth Plates
100
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
101
Where is compact bone found?
The outer shell of long bones or irregular shaped bones
102
What is significant about cancellous bone?
Lighter than compact bone and highly pourous, it is irregular in strucure and contains trabeculae
103
What does label one show?
Pectoralis major muscle
104
What does label 2 show?
Serratus Anterior muscle
105
What does label 3 show?
Internal intercostal muscles
106
What does label 4 show?
Rectus abdominis muscles
107
What does label 5 show?
Quadratus Lumborum muscles
108
What does label 6 show?
Transversus abdominis muscles
109
What does label 7 show?
Pyramidalis muscle
110
What does label 8 show?
Cremaster muscle
111
What does label 9 show?
Subclavius muscle
112
What does label 10 show?
Pectoralis minor muscle
113
What does label 11 show?
External Intercostal muscles
114
What does label 12 show?
Subcostal muscles
115
What does label 13 show?
Transversus thoracis muscle
116
What does label 14 show?
Internal Oblique Muscles
117
What does label A show?
Trapezius muscle
118
What does Label B show? (Joint)
Acromioclavicular joint
119
What does Label C show?
Acromion
120
What does Label D show?
Deltoid muscle
121
What does Label E show?
Latissimus dorsi muscle
122
What does Label F show?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
123
What does Label G show?
Sternoclavicular joint
124
What does Label H show?
Subclavius muscle
125
What does Label A show?
Biceps Brachii
126
What does Label B show?
Brachialis
127
What does Label E show?
Flexor carpi radialis
128
What does Label G show?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
129
What does Label H show?
Flexor Digitorum superficialis
130
What does Label I show?
Supinator
131
What does Label K show?
Flexor digitorum profundus
132
What is the shaded region muscle called?
Iliopsoas muscle
133
What does Label A show?
Gastrocnemius
134
What does Label B show?
Soleus
135
What does Label C show?
Achilles tendon
136
What does the blue region show?
Extensor carpi radialis (Longus is superior to the Brevis)
137
What does the yellow region show?
Extensor digitorum
138
What is the purple region called?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
139
What regulates Smooth muscle tissue?
Autonomic nervous system
140
What is a distinguishing feature of smooth muscle tissue?
It is non-striated
141
Give two distinguishing features of skeletal muscle
Striated and multinucelate
142
What controls skeletal muscle?
Somatic nervous system
143
Give 2 distinguishing features of cardiac muscle
Striated and mononucleate
144
What controls the rate of contraction in cardiac muscle?
The Autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
145
What forms the dark and light bands of the sarcomere?
Actin forms the I (light) band, Myosin forms the A (dark) band
146
What do varying calcium ion concentrations cause tropomyosin and troponin complexes to do?
Enable of disable actin-myosin cross bridges
147
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A network of tubules and cisternae that store intracellular calcium ions
148
Define the Transverse tubular system
The invagination of the sarcolemma that conveys action potential from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
149
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
150
What does the vagus nerve do?
Innervates structures in the Thorax and abdomen
151
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 symmetrical pairs
152
What is meant by a nerve fibre within the PNS
The axon, supporting Schwann cells and myelin sheath
153
Nerves consist of many fascicles of what?
Nerve fibres
154
What do nerves transmit and between where?
Sensory AND motor information between the CNS and rest of the body
155
What binds together nerve fascicles?
Dense irregular connective tissue called epineurium
156
What is each nerve fascicle surrounded by?
Between 2 and 7 layers of specialised cells called perineurium
157
Within a nerve fascicles what is each fibre embedded in?
Loose connective tissue called Endoneurium
158
In an adult where does the spinal cord begin and what does it join?
It begins at the Foramen Magnum and is continuous with the medulla oblongata
159
Where does the spinal cod end and what is the end of it called?
Between L1-L2, the end is a cone like extremity called the conus medullaris
160
Where do the Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal spinal segments lie?
Between T11-L2
161
The spinal cord is divided into 2 sections, what are these and where within the spinal cord are they?
An inner H shaped grey matter and an outer white matter
162
What is grey matter?
cell bodies of neurons arranged into a dorsal or ventral horn
163
What is white matter and what causes the white colour?
Longitudinally oriented nerve fibres, the white colour is caused by myelinated axons
164
What are the 3 layers that enclose the spinal cord?
The meninges. They are layers of connective tissue starting at eh outside and going in are called the dura matter, Arachnoid matter and Pia matter
165
What is the Posterior root of a spinal nerve and what does it do?
The Dorsal root transmits sensory information towards the spinal cord
166
What is the anterior root of a spinal nerve and what does it do?
The Ventral root transmits motor information away from the spinal cord
167
Where are multipolar motor neurons located?
The ventral horn of grey matter
168
Where are pseudounipolar sensory neurons located?
Dorsal root ganglia
169
What is a ganglion?
A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
170
Where do spinal nerves emerge and what do the do after emerging?
The intervertebral column, the divide into small dorsal ramus and large ventral ramus
171
how do roots differ from rami?
roots contain either motor or sensory information, rami contain both
172
Do Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral spinal nerves emerge from above or below their numerical vertebrae?
Below
173
Do Cervical spinal nerves emerge from above or below their numerical vertebrae?
Above apart from C8 which appears between C7 and T1
174
In the thoracic region what does the Ventral ramus do to supply the intercostal muscles?
Each ventral ramus forms an intercostal nerve which passes anteriorly in the intercostal space to give branches to the intercostal muscles
175
In the thoracic region what does the Ventral ramus do to supply the skin?
It forms a lateral cutaneous branch and an anterior cutaneous branch to supply the skin
176
In the thoracic region what does the Dorsal ramus supply?
The erector spinae group of muscles
177
When transmitting sensory information if an axon enters the spinal cord what two things may it do?
synapse with a motor neuron at the same segmental level or transmit up the spinal cord to the brain
178
What will the SNS transmit motor information leaving the spinal cord to?
Striated muscle
179
Define myotome
Skeletal muscle receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve
180
Define Dermatome
Skin receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve
181
What is a reflex?
A fast involuntary action that occurs through the somatic reflex arc at the segmental level
182
What do Autonomic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses distribute to?
Blood vessels and viscera
183
What are Autonomic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses that accompany major arteries called?
Perivascular plexuses
184
What do Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses distribute to?
Skin, voluntary muscle and joints
185
What are Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses formed from?
Ventral Rami
186
In each Somatic Peripheral Nerve Plexuses there is reorganisation of nerve axons, what does this allow?
Ventral rami can be distributed to different structures
187
What do the Ventral rami of C1-C4 form and what does it do?
The Cervical Plexus, it supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and shoulders
188
What do the Ventral rami of C5-C8 along with T1 form and what does it do?
The Brachial Plexus, it supplies the upper limbs through 5 main nerves
189
What do the Ventral rami of L1-L4 form and what does it do and through what 2 nerves?
The Lumbar plexus, it supplies the anterior and medial aspect of the thigh through the femoral and obturator nerves
190
What do the Ventral rami of L4,L5 and S1-S4 form and what does it do and through which nerve?
The Sacral Plexus which supplies the posterior part of the thigh, leg and foot via the Sciatic nerve
191
What does the Axillary nerve belong to and what does it supply?
The Brachial Plexus, supplies the shoulder region
192
What does the Radial nerve belong to and what does it supply?
The Brachial Plexus, It supplies the back of the arm, forearm and hand
193
What does the Musculocutaneous nerve belong to and what does it supply?
The brachial plexus, it supplies the arm
194
What does the Ulnar nerve belong to and what does it supply?
The Brachial plexus, it supplies the forearm and hand
195
What does the median nerve belong to and what does it supply?
The Brachial Plexus, It supplies the arm and hand
