Pathologies of foot and ankle complex Flashcards
Describe overpronation
Pronation is inward roll of foot and lowering of arch when weight applied.
Pronation is part of shock absorbtion system
Problems occur when arch collapses
Flat foot: longitudinatl arches are lost; develop at 2-3 years
Describe pes cavus or high arch
Pronation is inward roll of foot and lowering of arch when weight applied.
Pronation is part of shock absorbtion system
Problems occur when arch collapses
Flat foot: longitudinatl arches are lost; develop at 2-3 years
Describe plantar fascitis
Runs from base of toes to heel. At heel, becomes achilles tendon. Maintains balance and stabilizes arches of the foot and acts as shock absorber. 25% of arch support.
Describe hallux valgus or bunion
Changes the bone alignment where big toe meets metatarsal.
he soft tissue between the big toe and the second toe, retracts and the medial muscles (Abductor Hallucis) elongates and weakens
The type of foot that you inherited—flat or hyper-mobile—are prone to instabilityLearned behavior: Often we unconsciously emulate our family role models in the way they stand, walk and moveWalking with an excessive turnout, like a ballet dancerDisorders of the nerves that control the foot and the ankleFoot traumaInflammatory arthritisDisorders at the connective tissue between tendons, joint capsules and ligaments*Tight, poor-fitting shoes such as high heels. These types of shoes push the big toe out of position and alignment and irritate soft tissue and the skin that covers the bunion. Constant friction between the shoe and bunion can cause an infection.
Decribe hallus limitus or rigisus (dorsal bunion)
degenrative form of arthritis on bix toe. First limius then rigidu. Us. Watch out for bone spurs
Describe hammer toes, claw and mallet toes
Hammer: central knuckles push up toward ceiling, where end of toe pushes down. Start flexible and move toward rigidity.
Caused by unbalanced relationship b/w extensor muscles of toes and flexors.
Causes are same for claw and mallet, difference is in their deformiites
Describe morton’s neuroma
Entrapment of intermetatarsal nerves, usually between 3 &4th toe. Creats scar tissue, thickening and swelling around nerve as it has limited movemenmt freedom Morton’s neuroma is a painful condition that affects the ball of your foot, most commonly the area between your third and fourth toes. Morton’s neuroma may feel as if you are standing on a pebble in your shoe or on a fold in your sock. No tumor, just fibrous tissue around nerve. 10 times more common in women
Describe ankle sprain
Entrapment of intermetatarsal nerves, usually between 3 &4th toe. Creats scar tissue, thickening and swelling around nerve as it has limited movemenmt freedom Morton’s neuroma is a painful condition that affects the ball of your foot, most commonly the area between your third and fourth toes. Morton’s neuroma may feel as if you are standing on a pebble in your shoe or on a fold in your sock. No tumor, just fibrous tissue around nerve. 10 times more common in women
How does the body compensate for overpronation?
Creates a chain reaction in body:
1. lower leg starts rotating inward and thigh rotates toward midline of body. Overtime it creates valgum at the knee (knock kneed_ and the patella does not stay in its groove. Creates patellofemoral syndrome and chondromalacia
2. Pelvis tilts forward (anterior tilt), hip flexors get tight and shorts, causing pain in front of hip and lower back
3. Increases possibility of bunions, hammertoes, achilles tendon injuries
Describe compensation of high arch or pes cavus
Foot loses ability to shock absorb during walking or running. More load on ball and heel; foot usually rigid.
Symptoms: pain, which can radiate to ankle, leg, thigh andhip. Transmitted up lower limb due to high stress on posterior goot during heel strike.
Happens if shoes are too short, high heels as foot slides, which shortens space between heel and toes, increasing curve of arch
Describe compensation for plantar fasciitis
