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pathogens and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease

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2
Q

Antigen

A

molecules that trigger an immune response

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3
Q

self antigen

A

Created in you own body that cause allergies

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4
Q

non-self antigen

A

molecules that are foreign that activate an immune response

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5
Q

MHC markers 1

A

are on all cells in the body with nucleus (everything but red blood cells)

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6
Q

MHC markers 2

A

These are only found cells involved in the immune system

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7
Q

autoimmune disease

A

body attacks self cells thinking they are non-self cells

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8
Q

allergen

A

the body thinks it under attack by non-pathogenic thing (e.g pollen) causing allergic reaction

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9
Q

cellular pathogens

A

pathogen with cellular structure and does proceses living organisms do

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10
Q

Non-cellular pathogens

A

pathogen that don’t have cell structure and do alive processes

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11
Q

lysis

A

breaking down of an infected cell

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12
Q

Bacteria: what it does and how it reproduces

A

Cellular, cause disease through toxins and enzymes affecting or killing cells
reproduces through binary fission

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13
Q

Fungi: What it does
reproduction

A

cellular, use Hyphae to ( long branching filament)(think of as tenticles) that absorb nuetrience
asexual or sexual reproduction

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14
Q

worms

A

cellular, parasite that grow from eggs
sexual reproduction

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15
Q

protozoa

A

cellular, parasitic or free living that take a coulpe different forms of action.
sexual or asexual

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16
Q

Viruses

A

Non-cellular, hijack cells and use them to replicate. they cause disease through lysis of cells, cause cancer or over stimulating immune system damaging organs.

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17
Q

Prions

A

proteins folded wrong that cause other protiens to misfold. only in mammals and only the brain? neuro structeres

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18
Q

anatomy of a virus

A

DNA inside protein coat (capsid) some times surrounded by lipid envelope.

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19
Q

innate

A

general responses carried out the same for each pathogen.

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20
Q

first line of defence

A

physical and chemical barriers stoping pathogens from entering

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21
Q

micro biological barriers

A

Part of animals first line of defence via normal flora limiting growth of pathogens.

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22
Q

physical barriers plants

A

Thorns, bark, waxy coating

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23
Q

physical barriers animals

A

skin, eye lashes, cillia in throat

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24
Q

chemical barriers plants

A

sap(inins), toxic chemicals(bitter taste), chitinases

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25
chemical barriers animals
enzymes in tear/ saliva, stomach acid, ear wax
26
microbiological barriers
good bacteria
27
second line of defence
innate response
28
phagocytes
Immune cell that consume and destroy foreign/dead material via engulfing it (endocytosis)
29
cellular components of 2nd line defence
phagocytes, Natural killer cells, mast cells,Eosinophils
30
non-cellular components of 2 line defence
interferons, fever, inflammation
31
types of immune cells
Neutrophills, macrophages, dandridic cells, mast cells and Eosinophils
32
neutrophills
first responders, do phagocytosis relesing cytokines summoning other immune cells
33
Macrophages (all over body) dandridic cells (on body surface)
do phagocytosis aswell as presenting MHC 2 marker of surface to interact with 3rd line of defence
34
Natural killer cells
35
mast cells
live in connective tissue, they release histomines if the detect injurys, antigens or allegens
36
Eosinophils
contains toxic chemicals (DNases, RNases, protesaeses) target pathogens to large to be phagoctosed
37
Interferons
infected cells release Interferons (cytokinds) that tell nearby cells to change so less seceptible to the pathogen reducing pathogens spread
38
compliment proteins
when exposed to certain pathogens they react to each other forming a compliment cascade. Causing opsonisation, chemtaxis and lysis
39
opsonisation
compliment proteins stick to pathogens making them easier for phagocytes to find
40
chemotaxis
coplement proteins gather near pathogens making them easier to find
41
lysis
coplimentry protiens join on surface of pathogen forming a MEMBRANE attack compex which put a hole in pathogen causing it to flood and burst
42
fever
high temprature kill some pathogens and active proteins to fight pathogens
43
inflimation respons
body starts fix injury and fighting pathogens that may have entered, increase blood flow leading to inflamation
44
steps of inflamation respons
1Initiation: hurt cells release cytokins, mast cell release histomines 2 vasodilation: histomines go to blood cells causing vasodilation increases bllod flow. 3 migration: inate immune system casue more phagocytes at injury, platlet start clotting blood and pus removes dead cells.
45
third line of defence
specific immune response that forms memory
46
immunological memory
cells quickly find and fight pathogens they recognise
47
48
the lymphatic system
49
50
Acquiring immunity
becoming immune
51
Natural immunity
protection from a disease with out medicine
52
Artificial immunity
protect from a disease due to medical intervention
53
Passive immunity
Antibodies given straight to your system that were made elsewhere
54
active immunity
our bodies make the antibodies themselves (and memory cells)
55
Vaccine
harmless version of pathogen injected into the body causing body to fight it making antibodies and memory cells
56
Primary immune response (vaccine)
body takes time to learn to fight safe pathogen
57
Secondary immune response (vaccine)
the second vaccine causes memory cells to activate and more antibodies to be crated then the first time
58
booster vaccine
same response as secondary immunity
59
Heard immunity
majority of the population becomes immune to the pathogen making it harder for the pathogen to spread to people who aren't immune
60
non-infectious disease
illness that is not caused by pathogens
61
infectious disease
caused by pathogens
62
Contagious disease
a disease that can spreads/ transmitted between people
63
virulent
how sever the the disease is
64
emerging disease
a new disease for humans
65
re-emerging disease
A disease that was under control but then increases in incidence
66
incidence
frequency of disease
67
zoonosis
infection passed on to humans through animals
68
reservoir
population of animals or an environment where pathogens live
69
outbreak
sudden increase in amount cases of a disease
70
epidemic
increase in amount of cases of a disease in a community
71
pandemic
when a disease spreads to multiple countries/ continents
72
endemic
when disease stays at a constant level of infected
73
physical identification
seeing the structure of a pathogen through a microscope
74
Phenotypic identification
using a medium (agar plate) to grow a pathogen if there present in a sample
75
immunological identification
testing for antibody/ antigen presence in a sample
76
what sandwich ELISA
type of immunological identification ( with 4 steps)
77
molecular identification/ hybridisation base detectiond
genetic matirial complementry to a pathogen is added to sample if signal generated, that pathogen is there
78
5 types of disease transmission
airborn, droplets, particles on surface direct contact, indirect contact, object is the transmittent fecal-oral, pathogen from fecies consummed
79
6 way to help control disease
prevention, masks etc screening, test people for pathogens quarentine, identifaction of pathogen, control transmission, mosquito populations etc treatment
80
Antibodies
medicine that fight bad bacterior
81
Antivirals
medicine that fights viruses
82
antibiotic resistence
when a bacterior evolves to survive antibodies (due to mutation)
83
stopping antibiotic resistence
limit use of antibodies
84
immunotherapy
medical intervention to fight disease via helping immune system
85
Activation immunotherapy
starting or amplifing immune response
86
supression immunotherapy
prevents immune response, for organ transplant etc
87
Monoclonal antibodies

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