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pathogens and immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease

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2
Q

Antigen

A

molecules that trigger an immune response

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3
Q

self antigen

A

Created in you own body that cause allergies

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4
Q

non-self antigen

A

molecules that are foreign that activate an immune response

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5
Q

MHC markers 1

A

are on all cells in the body with nucleus (everything but red blood cells)

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6
Q

MHC markers 2

A

These are only found cells involved in the immune system

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7
Q

autoimmune disease

A

body attacks self cells thinking they are non-self cells

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8
Q

allergen

A

the body thinks it under attack by non-pathogenic thing (e.g pollen) causing allergic reaction

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9
Q

cellular pathogens

A

pathogen with cellular structure and does proceses living organisms do

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10
Q

Non-cellular pathogens

A

pathogen that don’t have cell structure and do alive processes

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11
Q

lysis

A

breaking down of an infected cell

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12
Q

Bacteria: what it does and how it reproduces

A

Cellular, cause disease through toxins and enzymes affecting or killing cells
reproduces through binary fission

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13
Q

Fungi: What it does
reproduction

A

cellular, use Hyphae to ( long branching filament)(think of as tenticles) that absorb nuetrience
asexual or sexual reproduction

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14
Q

worms

A

cellular, parasite that grow from eggs
sexual reproduction

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15
Q

protozoa

A

cellular, parasitic or free living that take a coulpe different forms of action.
sexual or asexual

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16
Q

Viruses

A

Non-cellular, hijack cells and use them to replicate. they cause disease through lysis of cells, cause cancer or over stimulating immune system damaging organs.

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17
Q

Prions

A

proteins folded wrong that cause other protiens to misfold. only in mammals and only the brain? neuro structeres

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18
Q

anatomy of a virus

A

DNA inside protein coat (capsid) some times surrounded by lipid envelope.

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19
Q

innate

A

general responses carried out the same for each pathogen.

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20
Q

first line of defence

A

physical and chemical barriers stoping pathogens from entering

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21
Q

micro biological barriers

A

Part of animals first line of defence via normal flora limiting growth of pathogens.

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22
Q

physical barriers plants

A

Thorns, bark, waxy coating

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23
Q

physical barriers animals

A

skin, eye lashes, cillia in throat

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24
Q

chemical barriers plants

A

sap(inins), toxic chemicals(bitter taste), chitinases

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25
Q

chemical barriers animals

A

enzymes in tear/ saliva, stomach acid, ear wax

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26
Q

microbiological barriers

A

good bacteria

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27
Q

second line of defence

A

innate response

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28
Q

phagocytes

A

Immune cell that consume and destroy foreign/dead material via engulfing it (endocytosis)

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29
Q

cellular components of 2nd line defence

A

phagocytes, Natural killer cells, mast cells,Eosinophils

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30
Q

non-cellular components of 2 line defence

A

interferons, fever, inflammation

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31
Q

types of immune cells

A

Neutrophills, macrophages, dandridic cells, mast cells and Eosinophils

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32
Q

neutrophills

A

first responders, do phagocytosis relesing cytokines summoning other immune cells

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33
Q

Macrophages (all over body)
dandridic cells (on body surface)

A

do phagocytosis aswell as presenting MHC 2 marker of surface to interact with 3rd line of defence

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34
Q

Natural killer cells

A
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35
Q

mast cells

A

live in connective tissue, they release histomines if the detect injurys, antigens or allegens

36
Q

Eosinophils

A

contains toxic chemicals (DNases, RNases, protesaeses) target pathogens to large to be phagoctosed

37
Q

Interferons

A

infected cells release Interferons (cytokinds) that tell nearby cells to change so less seceptible to the pathogen reducing pathogens spread

38
Q

compliment proteins

A

when exposed to certain pathogens they react to each other forming a compliment cascade. Causing opsonisation, chemtaxis and lysis

39
Q

opsonisation

A

compliment proteins stick to pathogens making them easier for phagocytes to find

40
Q

chemotaxis

A

coplement proteins gather near pathogens making them easier to find

41
Q

lysis

A

coplimentry protiens join on surface of pathogen forming a MEMBRANE attack compex which put a hole in pathogen causing it to flood and burst

42
Q

fever

A

high temprature kill some pathogens and active proteins to fight pathogens

43
Q

inflimation respons

A

body starts fix injury and fighting pathogens that may have entered, increase blood flow leading to inflamation

44
Q

steps of inflamation respons

A

1Initiation: hurt cells release cytokins, mast cell release histomines
2 vasodilation: histomines go to blood cells causing vasodilation increases bllod flow.
3 migration: inate immune system casue more phagocytes at injury, platlet start clotting blood and pus removes dead cells.

45
Q

third line of defence

A

specific immune response that forms memory

46
Q

immunological memory

A

cells quickly find and fight pathogens they recognise

47
Q
A
48
Q

the lymphatic system

A
49
Q
A
50
Q

Acquiring immunity

A

becoming immune

51
Q

Natural immunity

A

protection from a disease with out medicine

52
Q

Artificial immunity

A

protect from a disease due to medical intervention

53
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies given straight to your system that were made elsewhere

54
Q

active immunity

A

our bodies make the antibodies themselves (and memory cells)

55
Q

Vaccine

A

harmless version of pathogen injected into the body causing body to fight it making antibodies and memory cells

56
Q

Primary immune response (vaccine)

A

body takes time to learn to fight safe pathogen

57
Q

Secondary immune response (vaccine)

A

the second vaccine causes memory cells to activate and more antibodies to be crated then the first time

58
Q

booster vaccine

A

same response as secondary immunity

59
Q

Heard immunity

A

majority of the population becomes immune to the pathogen making it harder for the pathogen to spread to people who aren’t immune

60
Q

non-infectious disease

A

illness that is not caused by pathogens

61
Q

infectious disease

A

caused by pathogens

62
Q

Contagious disease

A

a disease that can spreads/ transmitted between people

63
Q

virulent

A

how sever the the disease is

64
Q

emerging disease

A

a new disease for humans

65
Q

re-emerging disease

A

A disease that was under control but then increases in incidence

66
Q

incidence

A

frequency of disease

67
Q

zoonosis

A

infection passed on to humans through animals

68
Q

reservoir

A

population of animals or an environment where pathogens live

69
Q

outbreak

A

sudden increase in amount cases of a disease

70
Q

epidemic

A

increase in amount of cases of a disease in a community

71
Q

pandemic

A

when a disease spreads to multiple countries/ continents

72
Q

endemic

A

when disease stays at a constant level of infected

73
Q

physical identification

A

seeing the structure of a pathogen through a microscope

74
Q

Phenotypic identification

A

using a medium (agar plate) to grow a pathogen if there present in a sample

75
Q

immunological identification

A

testing for antibody/ antigen presence in a sample

76
Q

what sandwich ELISA

A

type of immunological identification ( with 4 steps)

77
Q

molecular identification/ hybridisation base detectiond

A

genetic matirial complementry to a pathogen is added to sample if signal generated, that pathogen is there

78
Q

5 types of disease transmission

A

airborn,
droplets, particles on surface
direct contact,
indirect contact, object is the transmittent
fecal-oral, pathogen from fecies consummed

79
Q

6 way to help control disease

A

prevention, masks etc
screening, test people for pathogens
quarentine,
identifaction of pathogen,
control transmission, mosquito populations etc
treatment

80
Q

Antibodies

A

medicine that fight bad bacterior

81
Q

Antivirals

A

medicine that fights viruses

82
Q

antibiotic resistence

A

when a bacterior evolves to survive antibodies (due to mutation)

83
Q

stopping antibiotic resistence

A

limit use of antibodies

84
Q

immunotherapy

A

medical intervention to fight disease via helping immune system

85
Q

Activation immunotherapy

A

starting or amplifing immune response

86
Q

supression immunotherapy

A

prevents immune response, for organ transplant etc

87
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

bio (7 decks)

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