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chapter 2 nucleic acid and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expresses by at organism at any time

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2
Q

protein

A

made up of an amino acid chain folded into a 3D shape

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3
Q

polypeptides

A

a long chain of amino acids that make up a protein either alone or with multiple

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4
Q

synthesis

A
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5
Q

gene regulation

A
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6
Q

attenuation

A
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7
Q

condensation reaction

A

binds two amino-acids together creating a chain and releasing water molecules

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8
Q

triplets

A

three nucleotides that code for an amino-acid

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9
Q

transcription

A

RNA copies complementary stand of DNA (previously unzipped and unwinded) from 5’ to 3’

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10
Q

translation

A

ribosome reads mRNA sequence using tRNA to read triplet and

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11
Q

promoter region

A

where RNA binds to ribosome starting translation

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12
Q

Exons and intron

A

introns are spliced out of RNA sequence staying in nucleus, exon are the coding regions that combine in any order after introns are spliced

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13
Q

Operator

A

only in Prokaryotes

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14
Q

enzymes

A

molecule that speeds up reaction (catalyses)

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15
Q

pre mRNA

A

only Eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

RNA processing

A

Eukaryotic only, methly cap added to 5’ end and poly-a-tail added to 3’ end

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17
Q

endonecleous

A
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18
Q

plasmid

A
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19
Q

genetic modification

A
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20
Q

Transgenic

A
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21
Q

sisgenic

A
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22
Q

permeable

A
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23
Q

bacteriorphage

A
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24
Q

monomer

A

smallest building block of a Polymer

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25
polymer
a large molecule made of multiple monomers
26
vector
27
hydrophobic
is repeled by water (dosn't like it)
28
hydrophillic
is attracted to water and dissolves
29
condensation reaction
two monomers join to make a larger molecule and release water
30
peptide bonds
hold amino acids together
31
primary protein structure
amino acids connected via peptide bonds
32
secondary protein structure
folds into beta-plated sheet, spirals into alpha-helicies or randomly coils
33
tertiary protein structure
becomes a 3d shape and can be functional
34
quaternary structure
multiple tertiary structures join and become functional
35
nucleic acids
make up DNA and RNA ( adines, thymine, guanine, cyrosine)
36
Chromosome
carry genetic information
37
gene
part of the DNA that codes for a protein
38
genome
complete set of an organisms DNA
39
nuclear DNA
DNA that stays in the necleous
40
RNA
ribonucleic acid, singled stranded piece of DNA that codes for proteins
41
mRNA
(messenger) takes genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes
42
tRNA
(transfer) adds coded for amino acids to the polypeptide chain in transcription
43
rRNA
(ribosomal) RNA that makes up the structual components of the Ribosome
44
transcription
ribosome uses mRMA to make a polypeptide chain
45
translation
DNA is used to make a complimentary strand of mRNA that code for an amino acid
46
Codons
three nucleotides in mRNA
47
triplets
three nucleotides in DNA
48
Start codon
AUG
49
Stop codon
UAA, UAG, UGA don't code for amino acids
50
codons are universal
no matter which organism you take it from codons code for same amino acid
51
Degenarate
multiple codons can code for the same amino acids
52
promotor region
part of the DNA that RNA polymerase bind
53
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that reads DNA and makes Pre-mRNA
54
Introns
non coding regions of DNA that stay in Nucleus via slicing
55
exons
Leave nucleus and code for proteins
56
terminator sequence
signals the end of transcription
57
Operator region
the regions where repressor proteins bind and stop traslation from starting
58
repressor protein
prevents gene expression by being in the way
59
gene expression
process of reading DNA and using it to make a protein
60
leader region
between operator and DNA/RNA
61
transcription factor
proteins that bind to operator regions controlling is RNA polymeres can go or not
62
template strand
stand of DNA that was read by the pre-mRNA
63
coding strand
strand of DNA that was not read by the polymerase but is identicle apart from thymie and uracil
64
RNA proccesing
modifs Pre-RNA to mRNA
65
2 things added in RNA processing
methyl cap 5' end poly-a tail 3' end
66
splicing
process where introns are cut out of pre-mRNA sequence and exons connected
67
spliceosomes
enzyme responsible for splicing
68
alternative splicing
exons can be spliced or rearanged meaning a single gene can produce multiple mRNA strands
69
exocytosis
bulk transport for moving proteins out of the cell
70
gene regulation
Control gene expression via turning turning transcription off
71
structual genes
code for proteins required involved in structure and function of the organnelle
72
regulatory genes
produce proteins that have a roll regulating other genes
73
repressor proteins
can prevent gene expression by binding to the operon
74
trp operon
series of genes that code for the amino acid Tryptophan
74
operons
a sequence of linked genes that are transcribed at the same time. (one chain)
75
trp operon attenuation
If trp levels are too high, translation for more trp will stop
76
attenuation sequence
77
terminator hair pin loop
a loop forms if trp is there stopping the polymeres
78
79
transport vessicle
small organelle cover in a phospholipid membrane used for transport
80
active transport
movement of molecules across the membrane requiring energy
81
Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts and packages proteins
82
secretary vesicle
bud off golgi apparatus and travel to the membrane where it binds and releases content
83
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