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bio > chapter 2 nucleic acid and proteins > Flashcards

chapter 2 nucleic acid and proteins Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expresses by at organism at any time

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2
Q

protein

A

made up of an amino acid chain folded into a 3D shape

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3
Q

polypeptides

A

a long chain of amino acids that make up a protein either alone or with multiple

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4
Q

synthesis

A
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5
Q

gene regulation

A
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6
Q

attenuation

A
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7
Q

condensation reaction

A

binds two amino-acids together creating a chain and releasing water molecules

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8
Q

triplets

A

three nucleotides that code for an amino-acid

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9
Q

transcription

A

RNA copies complementary stand of DNA (previously unzipped and unwinded) from 5’ to 3’

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10
Q

translation

A

ribosome reads mRNA sequence using tRNA to read triplet and

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11
Q

promoter region

A

where RNA binds to ribosome starting translation

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12
Q

Exons and intron

A

introns are spliced out of RNA sequence staying in nucleus, exon are the coding regions that combine in any order after introns are spliced

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13
Q

Operator

A

only in Prokaryotes

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14
Q

enzymes

A

molecule that speeds up reaction (catalyses)

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15
Q

pre mRNA

A

only Eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

RNA processing

A

Eukaryotic only, methly cap added to 5’ end and poly-a-tail added to 3’ end

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17
Q

endonecleous

A
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18
Q

plasmid

A
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19
Q

genetic modification

A
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20
Q

Transgenic

A
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21
Q

sisgenic

A
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22
Q

permeable

A
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23
Q

bacteriorphage

A
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24
Q

monomer

A

smallest building block of a Polymer

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25
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule made of multiple monomers

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26
Q

vector

A
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27
Q

hydrophobic

A

is repeled by water (dosn’t like it)

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28
Q

hydrophillic

A

is attracted to water and dissolves

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29
Q

condensation reaction

A

two monomers join to make a larger molecule and release water

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30
Q

peptide bonds

A

hold amino acids together

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31
Q

primary protein structure

A

amino acids connected via peptide bonds

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32
Q

secondary protein structure

A

folds into beta-plated sheet, spirals into alpha-helicies or randomly coils

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33
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

becomes a 3d shape and can be functional

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34
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple tertiary structures join and become functional

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35
Q

nucleic acids

A

make up DNA and RNA ( adines, thymine, guanine, cyrosine)

36
Q

Chromosome

A

carry genetic information

37
Q

gene

A

part of the DNA that codes for a protein

38
Q

genome

A

complete set of an organisms DNA

39
Q

nuclear DNA

A

DNA that stays in the necleous

40
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, singled stranded piece of DNA that codes for proteins

41
Q

mRNA

A

(messenger) takes genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes

42
Q

tRNA

A

(transfer) adds coded for amino acids to the polypeptide chain in transcription

43
Q

rRNA

A

(ribosomal) RNA that makes up the structual components of the Ribosome

44
Q

transcription

A

ribosome uses mRMA to make a polypeptide chain

45
Q

translation

A

DNA is used to make a complimentary strand of mRNA that code for an amino acid

46
Q

Codons

A

three nucleotides in mRNA

47
Q

triplets

A

three nucleotides in DNA

48
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

49
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA don’t code for amino acids

50
Q

codons are universal

A

no matter which organism you take it from codons code for same amino acid

51
Q

Degenarate

A

multiple codons can code for the same amino acids

52
Q

promotor region

A

part of the DNA that RNA polymerase bind

53
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that reads DNA and makes Pre-mRNA

54
Q

Introns

A

non coding regions of DNA that stay in Nucleus via slicing

55
Q

exons

A

Leave nucleus and code for proteins

56
Q

terminator sequence

A

signals the end of transcription

57
Q

Operator region

A

the regions where repressor proteins bind and stop traslation from starting

58
Q

repressor protein

A

prevents gene expression by being in the way

59
Q

gene expression

A

process of reading DNA and using it to make a protein

60
Q

leader region

A

between operator and DNA/RNA

61
Q

transcription factor

A

proteins that bind to operator regions controlling is RNA polymeres can go or not

62
Q

template strand

A

stand of DNA that was read by the pre-mRNA

63
Q

coding strand

A

strand of DNA that was not read by the polymerase but is identicle apart from thymie and uracil

64
Q

RNA proccesing

A

modifs Pre-RNA to mRNA

65
Q

2 things added in RNA processing

A

methyl cap 5’ end
poly-a tail 3’ end

66
Q

splicing

A

process where introns are cut out of pre-mRNA sequence and exons connected

67
Q

spliceosomes

A

enzyme responsible for splicing

68
Q

alternative splicing

A

exons can be spliced or rearanged meaning a single gene can produce multiple mRNA strands

69
Q

exocytosis

A

bulk transport for moving proteins out of the cell

70
Q

gene regulation

A

Control gene expression via turning turning transcription off

71
Q

structual genes

A

code for proteins required involved in structure and function of the organnelle

72
Q

regulatory genes

A

produce proteins that have a roll regulating other genes

73
Q

repressor proteins

A

can prevent gene expression by binding to the operon

74
Q

trp operon

A

series of genes that code for the amino acid Tryptophan

74
Q

operons

A

a sequence of linked genes that are transcribed at the same time. (one chain)

75
Q

trp operon attenuation

A

If trp levels are too high, translation for more trp will stop

76
Q

attenuation sequence

A
77
Q

terminator hair pin loop

A

a loop forms if trp is there stopping the polymeres

78
Q
A
79
Q

transport vessicle

A

small organelle cover in a phospholipid membrane used for transport

80
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across the membrane requiring energy

81
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts and packages proteins

82
Q

secretary vesicle

A

bud off golgi apparatus and travel to the membrane where it binds and releases content

83
Q
A
84
Q
A

bio (7 decks)

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