Pathogenesis 9/28/16 Flashcards
What does the host immuno-inflammatory response release?
- Cytokines
- Prostanoids
- Antibody
- PMNs
- MMPs
What does the microbial challenge release?
- Antigens
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Other virulence factors
What line do macrophages come from?
-Myeloid stem cell
What line do peripheral dendritic cells come from?
myeloid stem cells
What line do PMNs come from?
-Myeloid stem cell
What line does mast cells come from?
-Myeloid stem cell
What line does erythrocytes come from?
-Myeloid stem cell
What are the principal responses from the inflammatory process?
- Tissue injury
- Blood vessel dilation and increased permeability to plasma
- Circulating WBC adhere to walls of altered blood vessels
How do WBC get through vessel walls and to an area of injury?
Chemotaxis
What do WBC do when they reach an area of injury?
Induce phagocytosis of foreign material and tissue debri
Why do tissues swell during the inflammatory process?
-Plasma leakage
What causes pain in the inflammatory process?
-The increased fluid in tissues and effect of chemicals on sensory nerve endings
What releases Histamine?
-Mast cells during inflammation
What releases chemotactic factors?
-Mast cells during inflammation
What releases TNF alpha?
Mast cells during inflammation
What releases Leukotrienes?
Mast cells during inflammation
What releases prostaglandins?
Mast cells during inflammation
What releases interleukins 3,4,5,6?
Mast cells during inflammation
What is the effect of histamine?
Dilation and increase of permeability of small blood vessels
-constriction of bronchi
What are the effects of chemotactic factors?
-Eosinophil and PMN chemotaxis
What are the effects of TNF alpha?
- Recruitment of granulocytes to area of inflammation
- Inducement of fever
What happens to positive acute phase proteins in response to inflammation?
-Increase
What happens to negative acute-phase proteins in response to inflammation?
-Decrease
What causes the epithelial cells to modify and secrete ICAM-1 and ICAM-2?
Interleukin 8
What type of plasma proteins increase due to microbial infections?
- C-reactive protein
- Fibrinogen
- Complement
What protein shows a 2-5 fold increased risk for a Myocardial Infarction?
-C-reactive protein
What is complement protein activated by?
-Antigen-Antibody interaction with IgG and IgM
Where is complement protein synthesized?
- Liver
- Small intestine
In both the specific and non-specific pathway what enzyme allows you to make C3?
-C3 convertase enzyme
What does C3 do?
Activate inflammation and opsonization
What does C3a do?
Activate inflammation
What does C3b do?
activate opsonization
What two proteins activate inflammation?
C3a
C5a
What does C5 lead to?
-A cascade leading to cell lysis besides C5a
What causes most of the damage in periodontal disease?
-Fibroblast
T/F
The PMN is considered a terminal cell
True
What are three activities of PMNs?
- Phagocytosis
- Release of enzymes
- Release of chemical mediators
How does the PMN stick to endothelium?
- Selectins
- Adhesins
After the PMN sticks to the endothelium what happens?
Squeezes through endothelium (diapedesis)
After the PMN squeezes through the endothelium what happens?
- Chemotaxis
- Kills bacteria by phagocytosis
- Dies
What do macrophages/monocytes release that attract Neutrophils?
- Leukotriene B4
- IL-8
What causes the localized damage?
the release of chemical mediators from PMNs
What keeps the damage localized?
TIMPS
What are two examples of receptors that PMNs have?
- Laminin
- Fibronectin
What antibody receptors does PMN recognize?
- Fc
- C3b
What do you find on the internal part of the endothelium that were stimulated by complement and IL-8?
- ICAM 1
- ICAM2
- ELAM
What do dying anaerobic bacteria release that can stimulate the monocyte?
LPS
What do microbes release that activate the mast cells?
C3a
What is the most important chemoattractant for PMNs?
F-Met
T/F
In aggressive periodontitis the NADPH is defective
True
What do you find in the Azurophilic granules (primary granules)?
- Defensins
- Elastase
- Cathepsin G
What do you find in the specific granules (secondary granules)?
- Collagenase
- lactoferrin
- lysozyme
- cathelicidin
What do you find in the tertiary granules?
- Cathepsin
- Gelatinase
What type of exudate do you find in a chronic infection?
Yellow exudate
What type of exudate do you find in an acute infection?
Green exudate
T/F
PMNs have both oxidative and non-oxidative to kill bacteria
True
What type of environment do you find in the periodontal pocket?
-Anaerobic environment
What is the primary cell found in the exudate?
PMNs
What are the main cells of the immune system?
-Lymphoid stem cell
What percent of the total serum is IgG?
80-85%
What is the half life of IgG?
21 days
What percent of the total serum is IgM?
5-10%
What is the half life of IgM?
10 days
What percent of total serum is IgA?
10%
What is the half life of IgA?
6 days
What percent of total serum is IgD?
Less than 1%
What is the half life if IgD?
3 days
What percent is the total serum of IgE?
less than .01%
What is the half life of IgE?
2 days
What is the main Ig that you find in saliva?
IgA
T/F
The IgA is resistant to enzymatic degradation
True
When you see an antibody a second time what immunoglobulin responds very well?
IgG
Where does LPS come from?
Bacteria
What stimulates the macrophage?
LPS binds the LBP that is recognized by the CD14 receptor
What does the macrophage release?
- TNF alpha
- MMP
- IL-1B
- PGE2
What is PGE2 directly involved in?
Alveolar bone resorption
What stimulates the fibroblast?
IL-1b
TNF-alpha
What does CD4 bind to?
MHC class II
What does CD8 bind to?
MHC class I
