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Micro final exam > Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

an organism that causes disease

A

pathogen

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2
Q

ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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3
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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4
Q

characteristic that confers virulence

A

virulence factor

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5
Q

individual that is infected

A

host

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6
Q

something that stimulates an immune response (usually associated with a microbe)

A

immunogen (antigen)

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7
Q

protein made by the immune system that attaches to microbes to turn on immune responses

A

antibody

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8
Q

symbiotic relationship where one benefits & one is harmed

A

parasite

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9
Q

when a pathogen is growing or multiplying in or on a host

A

infection

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10
Q

when the host is not capable of controlling microbial activity

A

infectious disease

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11
Q

what your immune system does to protect you from infectious disease

A

host defenses

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12
Q

number of microbes needed to cause an infection (ID50)

A

infectious dose

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13
Q

amount of microbes that kills 50% of the host

A

LD50

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14
Q

lower LD50 the greater the _____

A

virulence

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15
Q

always cause a disease

A

professional pathogens

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16
Q

cause disease, if given an opportunity

A

opportunistic

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17
Q

the opportunistic pathogens wait for

A

break in barriers, drop in immune system

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18
Q

strep throat

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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19
Q

skin infections

A

staphylococcus aureus

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20
Q

acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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21
Q

inflammation comes with

A

phagocytosis (innate immunity)

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22
Q

humoral antibodies are

A

extracellular

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23
Q

cell-mediated antibodies are

A

intracellular

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24
Q

reside outside of the cells of organisms they infect (typical bacterium)

A

extracellular pathogens

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25
Q

mainly reside within the organism’s cells (the typical virus)

A

intracellular pathogens

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26
Q

digest foreign particles (innate immunity)

A

phagocytosis

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27
Q

virus or microbe is degraded in ________ (innate immunity)

A

lysosomes

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28
Q

has four major characteristics

A

inflammatory response

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29
Q

the macrophage presents bits of what they captured to ____ cells

A

T

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30
Q

produce pro-inflammatory molecules

A

T cells

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31
Q

organ, tissue, or cell specificity

A

tropism

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32
Q

lysis & budding

A

release

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33
Q

cell death, chronic infection, latent infection, cancer

A

outcomes

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34
Q

slow release of virus without causing cell death is

A

budding

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35
Q

bacterial pathogenesis is looking for a _____

A

niche

36
Q

dna segments with virulence gene clusters
horizontal gene transfer: different G + C content

A

pathogenicity islands

37
Q

attachment of microorganisms to a surface

A

binding

38
Q

establishment of a microorganism in a particular niche (growth there)

A

colonization

39
Q

bacteria produce _____ structures

A

adhesive

40
Q

pili
other proteins

A

adhesins

41
Q

adhesins recognize specific receptors (_________)

A

tropism

42
Q

when the microbe is moving through the area due to breaks or lesions

A

passive penetration

43
Q

when microbe attaches to extracellular matrix & releases enzymes to break the surface

A

active penetration

44
Q

exposed off the surface of the immune system

A

variable domain

45
Q

antiphagocytic protein (resists phagocytosis)

A

M protein

46
Q

teichoic acids, capsules, flagella, non-specific are

A

other adhesive structures

47
Q

induce uptake
actively invade

A

invade into a host cell

48
Q

lytic enzymes
transcytosis (intestinal epithelium)
penetrate deeper tissues
systemic

A

invading into tissues

49
Q

enter bloodstream (bacteremia/septicemia)

A

systemic

50
Q

induce uptake
actin polymerization
membrane ruffles

A

salmonella

51
Q

salmonella is manipulating the target cell to become a _______

A

phagocyte

52
Q

uses forceful entry

A

toxoplasma gondii

53
Q

bumps into a target cell releases substances into the cytoplasm of host cell & those reorganize

A

toxoplasma gondii (active penetration)

54
Q

molecule that alters host cell function

A

toxin

55
Q

disease that results from a toxin (botulism & tetanus)

A

intoxication

56
Q

attached to the microbe (LPS)

A

endotoxin

57
Q

Lipid A
induce immune cells to release pyrogens (molecules that lead to fever)
septic shock

A

endotoxin LPS

58
Q

secreted toxins, soluble

A

exotoxin

59
Q

AB toxins
cytolytic
superantigens

A

secreted toxins

60
Q

2 components of AB toxins

A

A & B

61
Q

attaches to the target cell

A

B component

62
Q

causes the disease & damages the cell (enzymatic activity)

A

A component

63
Q

is an AB toxin

A

diphtheria toxin

64
Q

water is dumping out into the intestine

A

cholera toxin

65
Q

pore-forming toxins

A

cytolytic toxins

66
Q

make holes in the surface of the cell

A

cytolytic toxins

67
Q

bind to cholesterol in host cell membranes
insert into membrane
form pore: cytoplasmic contents leak out
E. coli

A

cytolytic toxins (pore-forming)

68
Q

removes head group from membrane phospholipids

A

phosphlipase

69
Q

superantigen activates _____ of T cells

A

25%

70
Q

neutralizing antibodies

A

antitoxin

71
Q

inactivated toxins that can be used as vaccines

A

toxoids

72
Q

gram ______ bacteria is a type three secretion

A

negative

73
Q

what type of secretion is often located on pathogenicity islands or virulence plasmids

A

type three secretion

74
Q

what secretion system is used for delivery of toxins directly into cytoplasm of host cells

A

type three secretion

75
Q

what is type three secretion triggered by?

A

the host cell contact

76
Q

what can the pathogen do to escape host defenses?

A

resist phagocytosis

77
Q

the capsules that surround streptococcus pneumoniae _______ phagocytosis

A

resist

78
Q

what survives inside a phagocyte?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis & listeria monocytogenes

79
Q

how do they stay in the phagocyte?

A

resist enzymes in lysosomes
prevent formation of lysosomes (can’t invade in the phagocyte)
escape from vacuole

80
Q

what is another way to evade phagocytosis?

A

kill the phagocyte

81
Q

phase variation = ______ _______

A

change antigen

82
Q

antibodies attach to _________ to get it removed

A

pathogen

83
Q

what are antibiotic resistant?

A

biofilms

84
Q

white blood cells cannot ________ biofilm bacteria

A

phagocytose

85
Q

what are resistant to antibodies and antibiotics?

A

bacteria

Micro final exam (6 decks)

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