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Micro final exam > Human Microbiome > Flashcards

Human Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

there are ____ more microbial cells than human cells

A

10x

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2
Q

microbes like to attach to surfaces exposed to the _______

A

environment

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3
Q

gastrointestinal microbiota:

A

Bacteroidetes, firmicutes, proteobacteria

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4
Q

gastrointestinal microbiota: each person has a unique community of these, but no on has the same _______ (not even twins)

A

microbiome

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5
Q

the microbiome of the gastrointestinal microbiota trains the __________ __________ to discover invaders

A

immune system

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6
Q

enterotype is the set of _____ in the specific individual

A

microbes

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7
Q

the microbiomes are influenced by _______ activities

A

daily

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8
Q

gastrointestinal microbiota: stomach

A

helicobacter pylori, gastric lumen, mucus layer

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9
Q

helicobacter pylori: causes _____ in the stomach

A

ulcers

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10
Q

helicobacter pylori: colonize ____ of world population

A

50%

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11
Q

helicobacter pylori can cause ______ in people

A

cancer

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12
Q

inflammation causes ______ to a specific area

A

damage

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13
Q

gastric lumen ph

A

1-2

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14
Q

the further distal you go in the small intestine, the less _____ is there

A

oxygen

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15
Q

the deeper you go in the small intestine the more _____ you find surviving

A

microbes

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16
Q

small intestine:

A

enterococci & lactobacilli

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17
Q

large intestine: bacteria / gram

A

10^-10 & 10 ^-11

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18
Q

large intestine: mostly ______

A

anaerobes

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19
Q

large intestine: some facultative aerobes _____

A

E. coli

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20
Q

large intestine: archaea __________

A

methanogens

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21
Q

large intestine: ________

A

fermentation

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22
Q

neuromodulatory:

A

changes things in the nervous system ( turns things off & on)

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23
Q

oral microbiota:

A

firmicutes, streptococcumutans, streptococcus

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24
Q

streptococcumucans

A

degrade the teeths surface

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25
Q

oral microbiota:

A

aerobic, anaerobic, facultative

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26
Q

upper respiratory tract microbiota:

A

highly colonized, Staphylococcus aureus (nose), streptococci, gram-negative cocci

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27
Q

lower respiratory tract microbiota:

A

not colonized, reduced airflow, immune cells, mucocilliary escalator

28
Q

genitourinary tract microbiota:

A

upper urinary, distal urinary

29
Q

upper urinary tract:

A

normally sterile: kidneys, ureters, bladder (flow of urine, immune cells)

29
Q

distal urinary tract: gm negative

A

female 4 cm, male 20 cm

30
Q

skin microbiota:

A

bacteria & yeasts, 10^6 bacteria/cm2, 10^10 ovreall

30
Q

female genital tract: lots of microorganisms, warm, moist nutrients

A

lactobacillus, acidophilus, pH ~5

31
Q

penis microbiota

A

circumcised & uncircumcised differentiated

32
Q

skin microbiota:

A

corynebacterium, proprionibacterium, staphylococcus

33
Q

skin & mucus membrane:

A

barriers to infection, competitive exclusion, skin- the outside, mucus membrane- the inside

34
Q

vaginal birth shares ____ microbiome w mother

35
Q

c section birth shares ____ microbiome w mother

36
Q

breast feeding:

A

contains more lactobacillus & bifidobacterium

37
Q

by ___, you have an adult-like microbiome

A

3 years old

38
Q

microbiome stable:

A

70% of species retention year to year
bacteriodetes
actinobacteria

39
Q

as we get old microbiome:

A

more bacteriodetes, less firmicutes
less overall diversity

40
Q

dysbiosis:

A

disruption in homeostasis (perfect mutualism in your micrbobiota & you)

41
Q

example of dysbiosis:

A

inflammatory bowel disease

42
Q

inflammatory bowel disease:

A

CHRONIC gut inflammation
altered gut microbiota

43
Q

antibiotics & clostridoides difficile

A

antibiotic treatment, c. difficile, diarhhea, pesudomembranous colitis

44
Q

D. dif:

A

overgrows in colon & produces horrific diarhhea

45
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

inflammation, perforation, shock, death

46
Q

obesity:

A

create volatile fatty acids through fermentation

47
Q

oral dysbiosis

A

dental caries & periodontitis

48
Q

dental caries:

A

streptococcus mutans, other fermenters

49
Q

dental caries:

A

fermentation leads to acid production
decrease in diversity

50
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation, destruction of gums, bone
decrease in diversity

51
Q

skin dysbiosis

52
Q

acne

A

proprionibacterium acnes

53
Q

vaginal dysbiosis

A

vaginosis, vaginitis,

54
Q

vaginosis

A

odor, discharge

55
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammatory infection

56
Q

vaginal dysbiosis

A

decrease in lactobacillus, growth of Candida, trichomonas vaginalis

57
Q

perturbations:

A

changes; return to homeostasis

58
Q

probiotics:

A

live microorganisms confer a health benefit of the host

59
Q

probiotic

A

bifidobacterium & lactobacillus

60
Q

prebiotics

A

plant nutrients we cannot digest but fermentative gut microbes can

61
Q

prebiotics

A

feed the good microbes
insulin

62
Q

synbiotics

A

probiotics + prebiotics

Micro final exam (6 decks)

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