pathobiology terms

Question 1

What is the purpose of the physiologic adaptive cell response

Answer 1

1. withstand stress
2. adapt to stress
3. Restore damaged tissue to normal function

Question 2

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue leading to an increase in mass is defined as
Reversible or irreversible?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia

Reversible process

Question 3

Name 2 physiologic examples of hyperplasia

Answer 3

1. hormonal hyperplasia (think breast inpuberty and pregancy)
2. Compensatory hyperplasia (regulation of hematopoiesis and growth of liver after hepatectomy)

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of hyperplasia?

Answer 4

1. increase cell cycle by growth factors/hormones
2. Increased proliferation of mature cells
3. increased production of new cells from tissue stem cells

Question 5

Name 4 important pathologic hyperplasias

Answer 5

1. endometrial hyperplasia (increased risk of EC)
2. Prostatic hyperplasia
3. Ductal hyperplasia of breast
4. Response to HPV

Question 6

An increase in the SIZE of cells in a tissue

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

cell enlargement without division

Question 7

2 physiologic examples of hypertrophy

Answer 7

1. Hormonal hypertrophy (uterus growth at pregnancy)
2. Compensatory or exercise-induced - cardiac/sketelal
   Often muscle! increase in smooth muscle

Question 8

Mechanism of hypertrophy

Answer 8

Increase in synthesis of structural proteins and cell components
(in skeletal muscle - mechanical sensors triggered by increased work load)

Question 9

2 pathologic examples of hypertropy

Answer 9

1. Cardiac muscle hypertrophy in hemodynamic overload

2. Bladder muscle hypertrophy (in response to impaired outflow of urine by enlarged prostate)

Question 10

Decrease in SIZE and nUMBER of cells in a tissue

Answer 10

Atrophy
often reversible
increase in protein degradation and less protein synthesis

Question 11

2 examples of physiologic atrophy

Answer 11

1. Normal embryogenesis and development

2. Reversal of physiologic hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 12

Pathologic atrophy is a result of

Answer 12

1. decreased workload
2. loss of innervation
3. loss of blood supply
4. reduced nutrition
5. loss of hormonal stimulation
6. pressure

Question 13

Change of one mature cell type to another is

Answer 13

metaplasia

e.g. physiologic squamous metaplasia of uterine cervix

Question 14

4 important pathologic metaplasias

Answer 14

1. Squamous metaplasia of bronchus
2. Columnar metaplasia of esophagus
3. Intestinal metaplasia of stomach
4. Squamous metaplasia of the bladder

Question 15

4 examples of abnormal intracellular accummulation of substances

Answer 15

1. Steatosis of the liver
2. Gaucher’s disease - enzyme dysfunction leading to accummulation of precursor
3. Alzheimer’s
4. Parkinson’s (abnormal a-synuclein accummunation and ubiquitin)

Question 16

Amyloid is deposited…

Answer 16

Extracellularly

Question 17

amyloid and prions both in

Answer 17

Beta pleated sheets

Question 18

Failure fold a protein appropriately can result in

Answer 18

1. Repair
2. Degradation
3. apoptosis and cell damage