Patho Week 3 Flashcards
The sequence of events of local cellular reaction (5 steps )
1- Margination of leukocytes from central axial cloumn and begin lining endothelial cella due to stasis
2- Firm adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelial by integrins
3- Emigration through inter endothelial gaps
4- chemotaxis
5- phagocytosis
4 types of cell derived Mediators
1- Vasoactive amine : histamine, serotonin . From mast cell , cause VD and increase vascular permeability
2- Arachidonic acid : Prostaglandins, leukotrienes . From mast cell , platelets, leukocytes. Cause VD , increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis
3- Cytokines : TNF , IL-1 . From macrophage , lymphocytes. Causes leukocyte migration
4- Lysosomal enzymes: from neutrophils and macrophages. Cause killing of microbes
4 types of plasma protein derived mediators
1- Complement system: C3a , C5a . Cause VD,chemotaxis
2- Coagulative system : change soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
3- Fibrinolytic system; dissolve fibrin
4- Kinin system: bradykinin . Cause increase vascular permeability
5 Classical or Cardinal signs of Acute inflammation
1- swelling caused by accumulation of inflammatory fluid exudate
2- Redness caused by VD
3- hotness caused by VD
4- pain : irritation of nerve endings
5- loss of function : due to pain
4 systemic or generalized effect of Acute Inflammation
1- Leukocytosis : increase leukocytic count above 10000
2- Fever ( pyrexia ) : pyrogenic substances released from bacteria affect heat regulation center in hypothalamus
3- production of Acute phase reaction
4- Increase Erythrocytic sedimentation rate
4 fate of Acute inflammation
1- Recovery ( resolution ) : complete restoration of inflammed area to normal due to mild to moderate inflammation e.g catarrhal inflammation
2- healing by fibrosis : when there is extensive tissues destruction in tissues that don’t regenerate
3- Transition to chronic inflammation : when causative organism is not completely removed form the body
4- Progression and spread : when the organism overcome the immune system by lymphatic and blood
Mechanism of pus formations
1- the pyogenic organisms cause destruction of tissue by its toxin and strong chemotaxis on polymorph
2- the killed polymorph called pus cells which release proteolytic enzymes lead to liquefaction of the necrotic tissue
3- the liquefied necrotic material mixes with pus cells and other products of inflammation process lead to pus formation
Fate of abscess
Small : the pus is absorped and healing occur by fibrosis
Large abscess : it must surgically evacuated to allow healing ( as pus absorption is very slow
3 complications of abscess
1- spread of infection by lymph or blood
2- Chronicity : due to inadequate drainage
3- Healing complication: chronic ulcer , sinus discharging pus , fistula in hollow organs
What is Carbuncle and mention 2 places and disease predispose it
1- extensive form of abscess in which pus is present in multiple communicating suppurative foci , discharged through several multiple openings
Occurs in back of neck , scalp
Diabetes mellitus is a common predisposing factor
What is furuncle and occur where 3
Small form of abscess related to hair follicle and sebaceous gland
In axilla , face , head
What cause the cellulitis ( the bacteria and 2 enzymes ) and where it happen 4 places and it differ from abscess in what 4 differents
1- streptococcus haemolyticus , streptokinase and hyaluronidase which dissolve fibrin and causes spread of infection
2- in loose CT as subcutaneous tissue and areolar tissue or orbit , scrotum and wall of appendix
3- differ with abscess in
1- excessive necrosis
,2- slow pus formation
3- pus is thin in consistency
4- contain many RBCs
What is Catarrhal inflammation: mention the characteristic feature and 3 examples and the composition of mucoid discharge
Mild acute inflammation of mucous membrane characterized by excess mucous secretions
1- Catarrhal rhinitis ( common cold )
2- Catarrhal bronchitis
3- appendicitis
Mucus , polymorph , inflammatory fluid exudate , shedded epithelial cells
What is characteristic feature of serous inflammation and mention 2 examples
1- Acute non suppurative inflammation characterized by excess serous fluid exudate
2- Examples:
1- inflammatory of serous membrane
2- skin blisters and viral infections
Characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation and 2 examples and complication
1- ….. characterized with fluid exudate rich in fibrin
2- inflammatory of serous membranes , lobar pneumonia of lung : alveoli are filled with fluid exudate rich in fibrin
3- complication is : failure to remove fibrin lead to fibrosis e.g : organization of fibrinous pericardial lead to obliteration the pericardial space and restrict myocardial function
