Patho Unit 2 Flashcards
Define Osmotic equilibrium and chemical and electrical disequilibrium
Osmotic - when fluid concentrations are equal on both sides of an equilibrium
Chemical - when concentrations of ions are not the same in different compartments
Electrical - electrical imbalance resulting from ion imbalance between compartments
What is the % distribution of water between body compartments
Intracellular compartment - 67%
Interstitial fluid - 25% (75%)
The plasma - 8% (25%)
Which solutes are found more in the ECF and ICF
Potassium ions
ISF and plasma have the same solutes except for what ,which is only found in plasma
Proteins
Explain Osmosis and Tonicity
Osmosis - Movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient
Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed in it
What does water move through when it enters and exits cells
Water filled ion channels created by aquaporins
Define Osmolarity, isoosmotic, hyperosmotic and hyposmotic
Osmolarity - number of osmotically active particles per unit liter
Isosmotic - when two solutions contain the same number of particles per unit volume
Hyperosmotic - more concentrated
Hyposomotic - less concentrated
Define tonicity, hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic
Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed inside of it
Hypotonic - gains water and swells
Isotonic - does not gain water and does not change size
Hypertonic - looses water and shrinks
What are some key takeaways from osmolarity and tonicity
Osmolarity Number of particles in a solution Osmoles/ liter Used to compare any 2 solutions Does not describe what happens to a cell in a solution
Tonicity
Has no units, only a comparative term
Compares a solution and a cell, describes only the solution
Tells us what happens to cell volume when a cell is placed in a solution
What is selective permeability
when a cell only lets certain types of molecules pass
Describe active and passive transport and give some examples
Active - requires a form of energy usually ATP - phagocytosis, endocytosis
Passive - does not require input energy - simple and facilitated diffusion
What is Fick’s law of diffusion
Diffusion will increase with larger surface area, larger concentration gradient or greater membrane permeability
What do transport proteins do
move molecules across membranes
Describe channel and carrier proteins
Channel - Always open
Carrier - selective
what structure make up water channels
aquaporins
what are the three types of gated channels
chemically gated
voltage gated
mechanically gated
what is a glut transporter and what does it do
Carrier protein, changes its conformation to allow molecules to enter a cell
Describe a sodium potassium ATPase pump
Moves Na out of the cell and K in using ATP to restore membrane potential
explain specificity, competition, and saturation
- Specificity - ability of a transporter to move only one or similar groups of molecules
- Competition - when substrates compete for the binding cite
- Saturation - at a certain point the number of carrier molecules will limit entrance into a cell
Compare phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis
- Phagocytosis - when a cell engulfs a bacterium
- Endocytosis - how cells ingest nutrients, always happening
- Exocytosis - how cells get rid of waste
differentiate between paracellular and transcellular transport
Paracellular transport - through junctions of adjacent cells
Transcellular transport - through epithelial cells themselves
lumen to ECF
ECF to lumen
Absorption
Secretion
Discuss the law of conservation of electrical charge
Net amount of electrical charge produced in any process is zero
Define the resting membrane potential of a cell
The electrical gradient between ICF and ECF
Describe depolarization, hyperpolarization, and repolarization
Depolarization - when potential moves toward 0
Repolarization - when potential moves back toward -70
Hyperpolarization - when potential overshoots and passes -70 temporarily before returning to -70
What are the 8 agents of cell injury
Ischemia - insufficient blood flow
Infection - bacterial invasion and inflammatory response
Immune reactions - hypersensitivities or autoimmune disorders
Chemical factors - carbon monoxide. Heavy metals or free radicals
Cellular aging - decline in homeostatic balance
Psychosocial factors - fear, anxiety depression
Physical factors - trauma, temperature or high load
Nutritional factors - vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Differentiate between reversible and irreversible cell injury and describe the stages of cell damage
Reversible - Able to adapt, alterations to cellular mechanics - Increase in intracellular ions - Volume increases - Glycolytic ATP production - No nucleus damage Irreversible - unable to adapt, cell death and necrosis - Cell death
Discuss the 5 different adaptations to chronic cell injury
Atrophy - loss of mass
Hypertrophy - gain of thickness of fibers
Hyperplasia - increase in size
Metaplasia - change of one cell type to another
Dysplasia - abnormal development of cells
Describe the physiological processes of cell death
the cell will break down and fall apart and then Lysosomes of the cell will damage other nearby cells
Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis - cell death
Apoptosis - programed cell death
Identify the types of necrosis and correlate the types to tissues or organs
Coagulative - ischemic, tissue architecture preserved
Liquefactive - accumulation of fluid, tissue architecture is lost
Caseous - combo of coagulative and Liquefactive
Fat necrosis - lipase released and breaks down lipids
Describe gangrene and pathological calcification
Gangrene
- Dry - blood flow impairment, no infection
- Wet - associated with infection
Calcification
- Dystrophic - seen with necrosis
- Metastatic - calcification of normal tissues
What are the phases of cell repair
Homeostasis - how the body stops loosing blood
Inflammation
Proliferation and migration
Remodeling and maturation
Define inflammation
Increase of blood flow to promote healing
Define the signs and symptoms of local and systemic inflammation
a. Redness (Rubor)
b. Heat (Calor)
c. Swelling (Tumor)
d. Pain (dolor)
e. Altered function (Functuo Laesa) may occur
Describe an inflammatory reaction
a. Circulatory changes
i. Active hyperemia - arteriole dilation
ii. Stasis - slow down of circulation
iii. Hemodynamic changes - leukocytes enter the wound area (Diepedesis) leukocytes find there way via chemotaxis
iv. Increase in capillary permeability
b. Leukocyte accumulation
c. Chemical mediation
Describe the major categories of chemical mediators and their function during inflammation
a. Secreted - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, tissue damage
b. Proteins and molecules - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, pain, tissue damage
c. Cytokines - Opsonization, Fever,
d. Newly Synthesized - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, fever, pain
Define a major chemical mediator that leads to vasodilation and increase in capillary permeability
Histamine
What phagocyte is present in high numbers during inflammation and exudate
Neutrophils
Discuss different types of inflammatory exudates
a.Neutrophils - arrive first
b.Macrophages - arrive second, modulate the activity of lymphocytes
c.Monocytes - turn into macrophages at the tissue level
Mast Cells - release histamine
What phagocytes replace neutrophils and mingle with lymphocytes in chronic inflammation
Macrophages
Describe some complications of inflammation
a.Abscess - locolized collection of puss
b.Cellulitis - infection resulting from breach in the skin, life threatening
Ulcer - inflamed necrosis, bed sore
What 4 proteins do fibroblasts make and what artheir functions
a. Proteoglycans - bind to finbronetins and collagen for stabilization
b. Elastin - creates cross links to provide tissue elasticity
c. Collagen - structural support, 3 chains of amino acids coiled into a triple helix
d. Fibrocectin - forms scaffoldign to provide tensile strength
What does Fibronectin do
provides support for healing tissue by binding to integrin, proteoglycans and collagen
Describe where you might find Type 1, 2, and 3 collagen
a. Type 1 - tissues and bones
b. Type 2 - cartilagenous tissue and growth plates
c. Type 3 - new scars
Describe angiogenesis and its purpose
a. Angiogenesis
i. Within 2 days of injury
ii. Growth of new blood vessels
Describe granulation tissue
a.Contains endothelial cells and fibroblasts
Describe immature scars
type 3 collagen
15% tensile strength
red, raised and rigid
Describe mature cells
type 1 collagen
80% tensile strength
pale, planar pliable
Describe epithelialization
a.Epithelial cells multiply and and migrate across a wound bed forming granulation tissue
