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TRI 1 - Patho > Patho Unit 2 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Osmotic equilibrium and chemical and electrical disequilibrium

A

Osmotic - when fluid concentrations are equal on both sides of an equilibrium
Chemical - when concentrations of ions are not the same in different compartments
Electrical - electrical imbalance resulting from ion imbalance between compartments

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2
Q

What is the % distribution of water between body compartments

A

Intracellular compartment - 67%
Interstitial fluid - 25% (75%)
The plasma - 8% (25%)

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3
Q

Which solutes are found more in the ECF and ICF

A

Potassium ions

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4
Q

ISF and plasma have the same solutes except for what ,which is only found in plasma

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Explain Osmosis and Tonicity

A

Osmosis - Movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient
Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed in it

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6
Q

What does water move through when it enters and exits cells

A

Water filled ion channels created by aquaporins

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7
Q

Define Osmolarity, isoosmotic, hyperosmotic and hyposmotic

A

Osmolarity - number of osmotically active particles per unit liter
Isosmotic - when two solutions contain the same number of particles per unit volume
Hyperosmotic - more concentrated
Hyposomotic - less concentrated

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8
Q

Define tonicity, hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic

A

Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed inside of it
Hypotonic - gains water and swells
Isotonic - does not gain water and does not change size
Hypertonic - looses water and shrinks

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9
Q

What are some key takeaways from osmolarity and tonicity

A 
Osmolarity
Number of particles in a solution
Osmoles/ liter
Used to compare any 2 solutions
Does not describe what happens to a cell in a solution

Tonicity
Has no units, only a comparative term
Compares a solution and a cell, describes only the solution
Tells us what happens to cell volume when a cell is placed in a solution

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10
Q

What is selective permeability

A

when a cell only lets certain types of molecules pass

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11
Q

Describe active and passive transport and give some examples

A

Active - requires a form of energy usually ATP - phagocytosis, endocytosis
Passive - does not require input energy - simple and facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Diffusion will increase with larger surface area, larger concentration gradient or greater membrane permeability

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13
Q

What do transport proteins do

A

move molecules across membranes

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14
Q

Describe channel and carrier proteins

A

Channel - Always open

Carrier - selective

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15
Q

what structure make up water channels

A

aquaporins

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16
Q

what are the three types of gated channels

A

chemically gated
voltage gated
mechanically gated

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17
Q

what is a glut transporter and what does it do

A

Carrier protein, changes its conformation to allow molecules to enter a cell

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18
Q

Describe a sodium potassium ATPase pump

A

Moves Na out of the cell and K in using ATP to restore membrane potential

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19
Q

explain specificity, competition, and saturation

A
  1. Specificity - ability of a transporter to move only one or similar groups of molecules
  2. Competition - when substrates compete for the binding cite
  3. Saturation - at a certain point the number of carrier molecules will limit entrance into a cell
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20
Q

Compare phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis - when a cell engulfs a bacterium
  2. Endocytosis - how cells ingest nutrients, always happening
  3. Exocytosis - how cells get rid of waste
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21
Q

differentiate between paracellular and transcellular transport

A

Paracellular transport - through junctions of adjacent cells

Transcellular transport - through epithelial cells themselves

22
Q

lumen to ECF

ECF to lumen

A

Absorption

Secretion

23
Q

Discuss the law of conservation of electrical charge

A

Net amount of electrical charge produced in any process is zero

24
Q

Define the resting membrane potential of a cell

A

The electrical gradient between ICF and ECF

25
Q

Describe depolarization, hyperpolarization, and repolarization

A

Depolarization - when potential moves toward 0
Repolarization - when potential moves back toward -70
Hyperpolarization - when potential overshoots and passes -70 temporarily before returning to -70

26
Q

What are the 8 agents of cell injury

A

Ischemia - insufficient blood flow
Infection - bacterial invasion and inflammatory response
Immune reactions - hypersensitivities or autoimmune disorders
Chemical factors - carbon monoxide. Heavy metals or free radicals
Cellular aging - decline in homeostatic balance
Psychosocial factors - fear, anxiety depression
Physical factors - trauma, temperature or high load
Nutritional factors - vitamin and mineral deficiencies

27
Q

Differentiate between reversible and irreversible cell injury and describe the stages of cell damage

A 
Reversible
- Able to adapt, alterations to cellular mechanics
- Increase in intracellular ions
- Volume increases
- Glycolytic ATP production
- No nucleus damage
Irreversible - unable to adapt, cell death and necrosis
- Cell death
28
Q

Discuss the 5 different adaptations to chronic cell injury

A

Atrophy - loss of mass
Hypertrophy - gain of thickness of fibers
Hyperplasia - increase in size
Metaplasia - change of one cell type to another
Dysplasia - abnormal development of cells

29
Q

Describe the physiological processes of cell death

A

the cell will break down and fall apart and then Lysosomes of the cell will damage other nearby cells

30
Q

Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis - cell death

Apoptosis - programed cell death

31
Q

Identify the types of necrosis and correlate the types to tissues or organs

A

Coagulative - ischemic, tissue architecture preserved
Liquefactive - accumulation of fluid, tissue architecture is lost
Caseous - combo of coagulative and Liquefactive
Fat necrosis - lipase released and breaks down lipids

32
Q

Describe gangrene and pathological calcification

A

Gangrene
- Dry - blood flow impairment, no infection
- Wet - associated with infection
Calcification
- Dystrophic - seen with necrosis
- Metastatic - calcification of normal tissues

33
Q

What are the phases of cell repair

A

Homeostasis - how the body stops loosing blood
Inflammation
Proliferation and migration
Remodeling and maturation

34
Q

Define inflammation

A

Increase of blood flow to promote healing

35
Q

Define the signs and symptoms of local and systemic inflammation

A

a. Redness (Rubor)
b. Heat (Calor)
c. Swelling (Tumor)
d. Pain (dolor)
e. Altered function (Functuo Laesa) may occur

36
Q

Describe an inflammatory reaction

A

a. Circulatory changes
i. Active hyperemia - arteriole dilation
ii. Stasis - slow down of circulation
iii. Hemodynamic changes - leukocytes enter the wound area (Diepedesis) leukocytes find there way via chemotaxis
iv. Increase in capillary permeability
b. Leukocyte accumulation
c. Chemical mediation

37
Q

Describe the major categories of chemical mediators and their function during inflammation

A

a. Secreted - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, tissue damage
b. Proteins and molecules - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, pain, tissue damage
c. Cytokines - Opsonization, Fever,
d. Newly Synthesized - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, fever, pain

38
Q

Define a major chemical mediator that leads to vasodilation and increase in capillary permeability

A

Histamine

39
Q

What phagocyte is present in high numbers during inflammation and exudate

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Discuss different types of inflammatory exudates

A

a.Neutrophils - arrive first
b.Macrophages - arrive second, modulate the activity of lymphocytes
c.Monocytes - turn into macrophages at the tissue level
Mast Cells - release histamine

41
Q

What phagocytes replace neutrophils and mingle with lymphocytes in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages

42
Q

Describe some complications of inflammation

A

a.Abscess - locolized collection of puss
b.Cellulitis - infection resulting from breach in the skin, life threatening
Ulcer - inflamed necrosis, bed sore

43
Q

What 4 proteins do fibroblasts make and what artheir functions

A

a. Proteoglycans - bind to finbronetins and collagen for stabilization
b. Elastin - creates cross links to provide tissue elasticity
c. Collagen - structural support, 3 chains of amino acids coiled into a triple helix
d. Fibrocectin - forms scaffoldign to provide tensile strength

44
Q

What does Fibronectin do

A

provides support for healing tissue by binding to integrin, proteoglycans and collagen

45
Q

Describe where you might find Type 1, 2, and 3 collagen

A

a. Type 1 - tissues and bones
b. Type 2 - cartilagenous tissue and growth plates
c. Type 3 - new scars

46
Q

Describe angiogenesis and its purpose

A

a. Angiogenesis
i. Within 2 days of injury
ii. Growth of new blood vessels

47
Q

Describe granulation tissue

A

a.Contains endothelial cells and fibroblasts

48
Q

Describe immature scars

A

type 3 collagen
15% tensile strength
red, raised and rigid

49
Q

Describe mature cells

A

type 1 collagen
80% tensile strength
pale, planar pliable

50
Q

Describe epithelialization

A

a.Epithelial cells multiply and and migrate across a wound bed forming granulation tissue

TRI 1 - Patho (5 decks)

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