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TRI 1 - Patho > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a Lysosome, what does it do, what activates it

A

Small storage Vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
Act as digestive system of the cell
Increased concentration of H (Low PH) activates lysosomal enzymes

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2
Q

Describe a peroxisome

A

contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign material

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3
Q

What do Mitochondria do

A

ATP production in aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Its cisternae receive and package proteins into vesicles

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5
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough - uses ribosomes to synthesize proteins

Smooth - produces lipids in some cells

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6
Q

Describe the nucleous

A

Contains DNA
Communicates VIA pores
Nucleoli contain DNA

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7
Q

What is a Micelle

A

phospholipid with fatty interior, used in lipid digestion

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8
Q

What is a liposome

A

Phospholipid bilayer sphere with water in its center, used in delivery of water soluble things

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9
Q

What are the functional compartments of the body

A

Extracellular and intracellular fluids

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10
Q

What are the general functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical Isolation
Exchange materials
Communication
Structural support

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11
Q

describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer along with membrane proteins create exterior wall of cell

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12
Q

what do membrane lipids create

A

selective barriers

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13
Q

What are integril proteins

A

proteins tightly bound to the membrane, include transmembrane proteins that traverse entire cell wall and lipid anchored proteins

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14
Q

What is a peripheral protein

A

a protein that does not enter the hydrophobic space of the bilayer

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Everything inside the cell that isn’t the nucleus

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16
Q

What is the cytosol

A

the fluid in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

what are inclusions

A

stored nutrients and ribosomes

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18
Q

what are insoluble proteins in a cell

A

cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia

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19
Q

what are organelles

A

membrane bound compartments with specific function

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20
Q

What is the teleological method

A

Why events occur in terms of adaptive significance

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21
Q

what is the mechanistic method

A

How events occur, examines process

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22
Q

Define immunity

A

the ability for the body to protect itself from pathogens

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23
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A state of maintaining a similar condition

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24
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

Study of body functions in a disease state

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25
Q

Define physiology

A

study of the normal function of a living organism

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26
Q

Seven steps in a response loop

A 
Stimulus
Sensor
Input signal
Integrating center
Output signal
Target 
response
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27
Q

Describe a positive feedback loop

A

Promotes something in the early chain, must be inhibited externaly

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28
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop

A

Self inhibiting chains, inhibit something in the early chain

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29
Q

When do key hormones peak

A

Cortisol - 9am
Insulin - 12-6pm, high after eating
Glucagon - stimulated by low blood sugar

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30
Q

What are the cells commonly seen in inflammation

A

Neutrophils - arrive first
Macrophages - arrive second, modulate activity of lymphocytes
Monocytes - turn into macrophages at the tissue level
Mast cells - release histamine

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31
Q

What cells are seen in Bacterial infections

A

phagocytes

antibody - immediate immune response

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32
Q

what cells are seen in Viral infection

A

Intracellular

T cells and natural killer cells

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33
Q

Describe chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages replace neutrophils and work with lymphocytes, both are present in high numbers during chronic inflammation

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34
Q

what are 6 signs and symptoms of infection

A

Fever, chills, sweating, malaise, nausea and vomiting

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35
Q

6 Signs and symptoms of infection in elderly

A 
change in mental state
subnormal body temperature
bradycardia or tachycardia
fatigue
lethargy
decreased appetite
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36
Q

What is the role of proteoglycans, elastin, collagen and fibronectin

A

proteoglycans - bind to fibronectins and collagen for stabilization
Elastin - creates cross links to provide tissue elasticity
Collagen - structural support, made of 3 amino acids coiled into a triple helix
Fibronectin - forms a scaffold to provide tensile strength

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37
Q

Describe the roll of Fibronectin in healing

A

Produced by fibroblasts, binds to integrin, proteoglycans and collagen to form scaffold that supports healing tissue

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38
Q

what are the 5 different structures and functions of epithelia

A

Exchange - thin flattened cells
Transporting - columnar or cuboidal
Ciliated - columnar or cuboidal
protective - many layers of flattened cells
Secretory - one or many layers, columnar or polygonal

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39
Q

what are the three different tyes of junctions`

A

Gap - rapid communication, always open
Tight - restrict movement of materials between cells
anchoring - holds cells to each other

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40
Q

Compare homeostasis, equilibrium, and steady state disequilibrium

A

Homeostasis implies things remain the same, equilibrium implies things are identical, SteadyState disequilibrium implies two compartments are maintained at different concentrations of a given substance

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41
Q

What are passive modes of transport

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

What are active modes of transport

A

phagocytoses, endocytosis

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43
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

when a cell engulfs a bacterium, involves protruding cell wall

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44
Q

what is endocytosis

A

how a cell ingests food, always happening

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45
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when a cell gets rid of waste

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46
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

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47
Q

what are the different types of energy

A

Kinetic - energy of motion

Potential - stored energy

48
Q

what are the three types of work

A

Chemical - making and breaking chemical bonds
transport - moving things through cell membranes
mechanical - used in movement

49
Q

what are the carrier electrons in the ETC

A

NADH

FADH2

50
Q

Explain how H+ movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane results in ATP synthesis

A

H is pumped out to form a gradient then passively let back in to churn ATP synthase proteins to create ATP

51
Q

Compare the energy yield from the aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O, and the anaerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to lactate

A

30-32 vs 2

52
Q

Discuss what conditions are required for aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism

A

Availability of oxygen

53
Q

What is an Oxidation / reduction reaction

A

Gain or loss of an electron
OIL
RIG

54
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

When a substrate changes into something new by the addition of water

55
Q

what is a dehydration reaction

A

when a water molecule is one of the products, two molecules join loosing H2O in the process`

56
Q

Describe Exchange-addition-subtraction reactions

A

Addition - adds functional group to substrates
subtraction - removes functional group
exchange - functional groups are exchanged

57
Q

what is a ligation reaction

A

join substrates using energy from ATP and synthases

58
Q

What are some characteristics of downs syndrome

A

Retardation
chromosomal problem
slanted eyes
simian crease

59
Q

What are some characteristics of Turners syndrome

A 
females only
chromosomal problem
short stature
webbed neck
infertility
60
Q

What are some characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A 
males only
chromosomal problem
do not experience puberty
no secondary sex characteristics
long arms and legs
61
Q

What are some characteristics of Marfan’s Syndrome

A 
structural protein deficit
elongated face
vertebral deformity
long fingers 
hypermobility
62
Q

What are some characteristics of cystic fibrosis

A

malfunction of how chloride is transported across membranes
most common autosomal recessive disease
issues with respiration, nutrient absorption

63
Q

What are some characteristics of hemophilia

A

chromosomal issue

lots of bleeding

64
Q

What are some characteristics of muscular dystrophy

A

genetic disease
progressive weakness
also affects heart and other involuntary muscles

65
Q

What are some characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

autosomal dominant disease

deficit in bone modeling and remodeling

66
Q

What are 8 characteristics of a benign tumor

A 
Slow expansion
limited growth potential
has capsule and compresses surrounding tissues
metastasis present
smooth surface
uniform and normal sized nuclei
Well differentiated cells
well developed cytoplasm
67
Q

what are 8 characteristics of a malignant tumor

A 
fast expansion
uncontrolled growth
no capsule so it invades soft tissue
irregular surface
necrosis and hemorrhage
large nuclei, pleomorphic
anaplastic cells
little cytoplasm
68
Q

Describe the hypersensitivity reactions

A

type 1 - antibody mediated, food alergies
type 2 - antibody mediated, immune hemolytic anemias
type 3 - antibody mediated, autoimmune disease
type 4 - cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease

69
Q

Where are stem and T/B lymphocytes produced

A

B / stem - bone

T - thymus

70
Q

what are the stages of cancer

A 
0 - cancer is localized
1 - cancer is localized to primary organ
2 - increased risk of tumor spread 
3 - tumor has spread regionally
4 - tumor has spread to distant cites
71
Q

what is metastasis

A

additional cancerous growth away from original cite

72
Q

what is dysplasia

A

chronic irritation, disorganization of cells

73
Q

what is metaplasia

A

cells change from one type to another, reversible

74
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells, increase in tissue mass, also happens during pregnancy

75
Q

what do antioncogenes and oncogenes do

A

oncogenes - transfer normal cells into cancerous cells

antioncogenes - helps fight tumors by controlling cell growth

76
Q

what does a neurotransmitter do

A

diffuses from a neuron, travels across small space and promotes active response

77
Q

what is a neurohormone

A

diffuses into blood from neuron for body wide distribution

78
Q

what is a neuro modulator

A

slow acting neurocrine molecules

79
Q

what do autocrine and endocrine mean

A

Autocrine - hormone secretion that acts on the same cell that secreted it
endocrine - ductless hormone secretions that act in long distance communication

80
Q

what are some antibiotic resistant organisms

A

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
TB - Tuberculosis
Hypervirulent clostridium difficile
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus

81
Q

describe the types of infection transmission

A

airborne - small particles that float in the air, less than 5 microns
Droplet - greater than 5 microns
contact - direct and indirect

82
Q

what are the three lines of defense

A

1st - physical or chemical barriers, skin or mucous
2nd - innate immune response and inflammation, fast response no memory
3rd - adaptive response (immune response), cell mediated, B lymphocytes, memory

83
Q

what are universal precautions to prevent infection

A

Hand hygiene
PPE
Respiratory and cough etiquette

84
Q

define immunodeficiency

A

inability of lymphoid tissue to react normally to an antigen due to weakened immune system, can be genetic (primary) or acquired (AIDS)

85
Q

what are some theories for the increased prevalence of autoimmune disease

A

hygiene - Farm animals mean more pathogens
toxic load - plastic products and insecticide
sedentary life style - lack of vitamin D lack of exercise
processed food - more salt, less Brest feeding

86
Q

What are some strategies to increase immune capability

A 
well balanced diet, more antioxidants, protein and supplement vitamin D
adequate sleep
low caffeine or sugar
no chemical exposure
reduce stress
more time outdoors
87
Q

how should we exercise patients with autoimmune disease

A

not fully understood

some is better than nothing

88
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of local and systemic inflimation

A 
Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Calor (heat) 
functuo laesa (altered function)
89
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints causing fusion of vertebrae
genetic
postural exercise and education / pain management / breathing exercises

90
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for fibromyalgia

A

CNS malfunction, impaired sensory and CNS functions
caused by infection or trauma
Dry needling / myofascial work / strength training

91
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic inflammatory disease resulting in joint erosion and deformity
genetic predisposition with environmental trigger
Joint protection and education / exercise and modification / low level laser therapy

92
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for SLE

A

inflammation of various body tissues may result in rash on the face (malar rash)
combination of genetic and environment
Exercise / pain management / balance

93
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for hashimoto throiditis

A

immune system attacks thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism, goiter results
genetic
medicine compliance / patient monitoring for fatigue or weakness / restore ROM

94
Q

Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for Raynaud’s syndrome

A

vasospasm of fingers and toes
cold temperatures or emotional stress
pharmacological treatment

95
Q

what are some types of immunity

A

Innate - levels born with
Adaptive - develop as exposed to pathogens
Passive - borrowed from another source

96
Q

Describe Clostridium dificil

A

damage to tight junctions of epithelia of GA tract
water stools
related to antibiotic overuse

97
Q

Describe staphylococcus

A

skin abscesses

common in axilla and groin

98
Q

Describe streptococcal

A

strep throat
scarlet fever
skin lesions - impetigio

99
Q

What does Serosangrinous

mean

A

fluids composed of clotted or diluted red blood cells mixed with serum

100
Q

what does Serous mean

A

thin watery constitution, yellow

101
Q

what does exocrine mean

A

have ducts

do not deposit hormones in blood

102
Q

what does it indicate when there is swelling with lots of proteins vs without

A

with - exudate, inflammation

without - transudate, organ issue

103
Q

what is a ligand

A

molecule that binds to a protein

104
Q

describe autocrine and paracrine signaling

A

autocrine - secretion that binds to the same cell to initiate signal transduction
paracrine - hormone that only has effect in the vicinity of its secretion

105
Q

what is an opsonin

A

an antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

106
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone

107
Q

what are the precursors of RBC’s and platelets

A

RBC - reticulocytes

Platelets - megakaryocytes

108
Q

How can we determine HIV has progressed to aids

A

presence of CD4 T cell count of less that 200 per microliter OR aids defining illness like pneumocystis pneumonia or Cryptococcus pneumonia

109
Q

most common areas of metastasis

A

lungs, liver, brain and bones

110
Q

describe osmolarity

A

Osmolarity - number of osmotically active particles per liter
Isosmotic - when two solutions contain the same number of particles per unit volume
Hyperosmotic - more concentrated
Hypoosmotic - less concentrated

111
Q

what is Catarrhal exudate

A

seen in nose and throat and is associated with high levels of fluids

112
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis

A

accumulation of fluid, tissue architecture is lost

113
Q

what is caseous necrosis

A

3.Caseous - combo of coagulative and Liquefactive

114
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

ischemic, tissue architecture preserved

115
Q

what is diacylglycerol

A

DAG - DAG has shown to be important in driving the activation, proliferation, migration, and effector function of adaptive and innate immune cells

116
Q

what is IP3

A

functions are to mobilize Ca2+ from storage organelles and to regulate cell proliferation and other cellular reactions that require free calcium

TRI 1 - Patho (5 decks)

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