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TRI 1 - Patho > Patho Unit 1 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism

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2
Q

What are the 10 levels of biologic organization

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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3
Q

What are the 10 organ systems and what are their functions

A

a.Circulatory - transportation of materials
b.Digestive - conversion of food into particles and waste removal
c.Endocrine - coordination of body function
d.Immune - defense against foreign invaders
e.Integumentary - protection from external environment
f.Muskuloskeletal - support and movement
g.Nervous- coordination of body function
h.Reproductive - perpetuation of the species
i.Respiratory - exchange of gasses in lungs
Urinary - maintenance of water and waste removal

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4
Q

Compare mechanistic and teleological explanations

A

Teleological - “Why” Event in terms of adaptive significance

Mechanistic - “How” examines process

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5
Q

What are the four major themes of physiology

A

Structure and function are closely related
Living Organisms Need energy
Information Flow coordinates Body functions
Homeostasis maintains internal stability

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6
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A state of maintaining a similar condition

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7
Q

Define the terms pathological condition and pathophysiology

A

pathological condition - A disease state resulting from a lack of homeostasis
Pathophysiology - Study of body functions in a disease state

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8
Q

Describe the law of mass balance

A

The amount of substance in the body is to remain constant, therefore any gain is to be offset by an equal loss

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9
Q

Compare homeostasis, equilibrium, and steady state disequilibrium

A

Homeostasis implies things remain the same
Equilibrium implies that 2 things are identical
steady state disequilibrium implies that 2 compartments remain at 2 different levels of a given substance

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10
Q

Discuss regulated variables and setpoints or optimum values

A

Regulated variables - Certain key functions that must stay within a healthy range
Setpoints - Optimum value of a certain regulated variable

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11
Q

Explain the three components of control systems

A

Stimulus - Something notices a lack of homeostasis
Integrating Signal - a message is sent
Response - something reacts to bring back balance

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12
Q

Expand the three components of a response loop into seven steps

A 
Stimulus
Sensor
Input Signal
Integrating center
Output Signal
Target
Response
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13
Q

Differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops

A

Positive feedback loops promote part of the early chain

Negative feedback loops inhibit part of the early chain

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14
Q

Explain feedforward control and provide examples

A

When the body predicts something is about to happen and initiates a response
When food is imminent salivation occurs

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15
Q

Discuss biological rhythms in terms of setpoint and regulated variables

A

Many biological rhythms fluctuate around a setpoint for a given day

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16
Q

Describe the functional compartments of the body

A

Extracellular and intracellular fluids

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17
Q

Describe the general functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical Isolation
Exchange Materials
Communication
Structural support

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18
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer along with membrane proteins create exterior wall of the cell

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19
Q

Membrane lipids create what type of barriers

A

Selective

20
Q

define the cytoplasm; cytosol; inclusions, insoluble protein fibers; and major organelles

A

Cytoplasm is everything that isn’t the nucleus
Cytosol is the fluid in the cytoplasm
Inclusions are stored nutrients, ribosomes
Insoluble proteins are cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia
Organelles are membrane bound compartments with specific functions

21
Q

Describe the function of the major organelles (4)

A

Mitochondria - ATP synthesis
Golgi aparatus - Cisternae recieve proteins and modifies and packages them into vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough - protein synthesis in rhibosomes
- Smooth - production of lipids in some cells
Nucleus - Contains DNA, Communicates via pores, Nucleoli contain DNA

22
Q

Define the two functions of the cytoplasmic vesicles

A

Lysosomes - small storage vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes - contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign material

23
Q

What activates lysosomal enzymes

A

Low PH

24
Q

What is the study of tissue structure and function

A

Histology

25
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix and its components

A

Material that is secreated by cells
Proteoglycans - help regulate molecular movement through the matrix
Insoluble protein fibers - like collagen that provide strength

26
Q

Define Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)

A

Located on cell surface, bind cell to cell (Cadherins) and cell to matrix (Integrins)

27
Q

Discuss three major categories of junctions

A

Gap Junctions - Rapid communication
Tight Junctions - restrict movement of materials between cells
Anchoring Junctions - hold cells to each other

28
Q

Describe the anatomy and five functional categories of epithelia (5)

A

Exchange - thin flattened cells
Transporting - columnar or cuboidal
Ciliated - columnar or cuboidal with cilia
Protective - many layers of flattened cells
Secratory - one or many layers, columnar or polygonal

29
Q

Define and give examples of secretions for exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine - secrete outside the body, sweat

Endocrine - secrete inside the body, hormones

30
Q

What secretes the 4 types of matrix fibers and what are those matrix fibers

A

Fibroblasts

Fibronectin
Fibrillin
Elastin
Collagen

31
Q

Describe the different types of connective tissue (6)

A 
Areolar tissue - holds tissue together
Adipose Tissue - fat, cushioning
Fibrous -  support for tissues
Blood - Blood
Bone - bone
Hyaline Cartilage - surface of joints
32
Q

Describe the 4 primary tissues types and their characteristics

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

33
Q

Define etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations

A

Etiology - cause of a disease
Pathogenesis - manner of development of a disease
Clinical Manifestations - objective (observed by physician) or subjective (percieved by patient)

34
Q

Define energy, work, and metabolism in biological systems

A

Energy - capacity to do work
Work - chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds) or transport (moving things through cell membranes) or mechanical (used for movement)
Metabolism - all the chemical processes in an organism

35
Q

Discuss types of energy

A

Kinetic - energy of motion

Potential - stored energy

36
Q

Describe the different types of work

A

chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds)
transport (moving things through cell membranes)
mechanical (used for movement)

37
Q

Describe enzymes and explain the term isozymes

A

Enzymes proteins that catylize chemical reactions

Isozomes catylize the same reactions as enzymes but under different conditions

38
Q

Define reaction rate and how enzymatic activity can be altered

A

Reaction rate - how fast products are made or consumed

39
Q

Describe the major classifications of enzymatic reactions (4)

A

Oxidation reduction - add or subtract electrons
Hydrolysis-dehydration - add or subtract water
Exhange-addition-subtraction - exchange groups between molecules
Ligation - join substances using energy from ATP

40
Q

Define metabolism and differentiate between catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism - all chemical reactions that take place in the human body
Catabolism - Breaks down molecules
Anabolism - Builds molecules

41
Q

Discuss the regulation of metabolic pathways (5)

A 
Controlling enzyme concentrations
Producing modulators that affect reaction rates
Catalyzing reversible reactions
Compartmentalizing enzymes
Maintaining optimum rate of ATP to ADP
42
Q

List carrier molecules that deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system

A

NADH

FADH2

43
Q

Explain how H+ movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane results in ATP synthesis

A

H is pumped out to form a gradient then passively let back in to churn ATP synthase proteins to create ATP

44
Q

Compare the energy yield from the aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O, and the anaerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to lactate

A

30-32 vs 2

45
Q

Discuss what conditions are required for aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism

A

Availability of oxygen
no oxygen - anaerobic
with oxygen - aerobic

TRI 1 - Patho (5 decks)

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