Patho Unit 1 Flashcards
Define Physiology
Study of the normal functioning of a living organism
What are the 10 levels of biologic organization
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Population Ecosystem Biosphere
What are the 10 organ systems and what are their functions
a.Circulatory - transportation of materials
b.Digestive - conversion of food into particles and waste removal
c.Endocrine - coordination of body function
d.Immune - defense against foreign invaders
e.Integumentary - protection from external environment
f.Muskuloskeletal - support and movement
g.Nervous- coordination of body function
h.Reproductive - perpetuation of the species
i.Respiratory - exchange of gasses in lungs
Urinary - maintenance of water and waste removal
Compare mechanistic and teleological explanations
Teleological - “Why” Event in terms of adaptive significance
Mechanistic - “How” examines process
What are the four major themes of physiology
Structure and function are closely related
Living Organisms Need energy
Information Flow coordinates Body functions
Homeostasis maintains internal stability
Define homeostasis
A state of maintaining a similar condition
Define the terms pathological condition and pathophysiology
pathological condition - A disease state resulting from a lack of homeostasis
Pathophysiology - Study of body functions in a disease state
Describe the law of mass balance
The amount of substance in the body is to remain constant, therefore any gain is to be offset by an equal loss
Compare homeostasis, equilibrium, and steady state disequilibrium
Homeostasis implies things remain the same
Equilibrium implies that 2 things are identical
steady state disequilibrium implies that 2 compartments remain at 2 different levels of a given substance
Discuss regulated variables and setpoints or optimum values
Regulated variables - Certain key functions that must stay within a healthy range
Setpoints - Optimum value of a certain regulated variable
Explain the three components of control systems
Stimulus - Something notices a lack of homeostasis
Integrating Signal - a message is sent
Response - something reacts to bring back balance
Expand the three components of a response loop into seven steps
Stimulus Sensor Input Signal Integrating center Output Signal Target Response
Differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops
Positive feedback loops promote part of the early chain
Negative feedback loops inhibit part of the early chain
Explain feedforward control and provide examples
When the body predicts something is about to happen and initiates a response
When food is imminent salivation occurs
Discuss biological rhythms in terms of setpoint and regulated variables
Many biological rhythms fluctuate around a setpoint for a given day
Describe the functional compartments of the body
Extracellular and intracellular fluids
Describe the general functions of the cell membrane
Physical Isolation
Exchange Materials
Communication
Structural support
Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer along with membrane proteins create exterior wall of the cell
Membrane lipids create what type of barriers
Selective
define the cytoplasm; cytosol; inclusions, insoluble protein fibers; and major organelles
Cytoplasm is everything that isn’t the nucleus
Cytosol is the fluid in the cytoplasm
Inclusions are stored nutrients, ribosomes
Insoluble proteins are cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia
Organelles are membrane bound compartments with specific functions
Describe the function of the major organelles (4)
Mitochondria - ATP synthesis
Golgi aparatus - Cisternae recieve proteins and modifies and packages them into vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough - protein synthesis in rhibosomes
- Smooth - production of lipids in some cells
Nucleus - Contains DNA, Communicates via pores, Nucleoli contain DNA
Define the two functions of the cytoplasmic vesicles
Lysosomes - small storage vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes - contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign material
What activates lysosomal enzymes
Low PH
What is the study of tissue structure and function
Histology
Describe the extracellular matrix and its components
Material that is secreated by cells
Proteoglycans - help regulate molecular movement through the matrix
Insoluble protein fibers - like collagen that provide strength
Define Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Located on cell surface, bind cell to cell (Cadherins) and cell to matrix (Integrins)
Discuss three major categories of junctions
Gap Junctions - Rapid communication
Tight Junctions - restrict movement of materials between cells
Anchoring Junctions - hold cells to each other
Describe the anatomy and five functional categories of epithelia (5)
Exchange - thin flattened cells
Transporting - columnar or cuboidal
Ciliated - columnar or cuboidal with cilia
Protective - many layers of flattened cells
Secratory - one or many layers, columnar or polygonal
Define and give examples of secretions for exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine - secrete outside the body, sweat
Endocrine - secrete inside the body, hormones
What secretes the 4 types of matrix fibers and what are those matrix fibers
Fibroblasts
Fibronectin
Fibrillin
Elastin
Collagen
Describe the different types of connective tissue (6)
Areolar tissue - holds tissue together Adipose Tissue - fat, cushioning Fibrous - support for tissues Blood - Blood Bone - bone Hyaline Cartilage - surface of joints
Describe the 4 primary tissues types and their characteristics
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Define etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations
Etiology - cause of a disease
Pathogenesis - manner of development of a disease
Clinical Manifestations - objective (observed by physician) or subjective (percieved by patient)
Define energy, work, and metabolism in biological systems
Energy - capacity to do work
Work - chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds) or transport (moving things through cell membranes) or mechanical (used for movement)
Metabolism - all the chemical processes in an organism
Discuss types of energy
Kinetic - energy of motion
Potential - stored energy
Describe the different types of work
chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds)
transport (moving things through cell membranes)
mechanical (used for movement)
Describe enzymes and explain the term isozymes
Enzymes proteins that catylize chemical reactions
Isozomes catylize the same reactions as enzymes but under different conditions
Define reaction rate and how enzymatic activity can be altered
Reaction rate - how fast products are made or consumed
Describe the major classifications of enzymatic reactions (4)
Oxidation reduction - add or subtract electrons
Hydrolysis-dehydration - add or subtract water
Exhange-addition-subtraction - exchange groups between molecules
Ligation - join substances using energy from ATP
Define metabolism and differentiate between catabolism and anabolism
Metabolism - all chemical reactions that take place in the human body
Catabolism - Breaks down molecules
Anabolism - Builds molecules
Discuss the regulation of metabolic pathways (5)
Controlling enzyme concentrations Producing modulators that affect reaction rates Catalyzing reversible reactions Compartmentalizing enzymes Maintaining optimum rate of ATP to ADP
List carrier molecules that deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system
NADH
FADH2
Explain how H+ movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane results in ATP synthesis
H is pumped out to form a gradient then passively let back in to churn ATP synthase proteins to create ATP
Compare the energy yield from the aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O, and the anaerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to lactate
30-32 vs 2
Discuss what conditions are required for aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism
Availability of oxygen
no oxygen - anaerobic
with oxygen - aerobic
