Patho-Pharm Week 5 - Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What bacteria causes tuberculosis?
A
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
2
Q
How is tuberculosis transmitted?
A
Airborne droplets
3
Q
What is tuberculosis?
A
Infection of the lower respiratory tract cause by mycobacterium tuberculosis
4
Q
What is meant by “lower respiratory tract”?
A
Far out from the center of the airway, not deep
5
Q
What kind of bacteria is mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Acid-fast bacillus
6
Q
What does acid-fast bacillus mean?
A
They are resistant to dyes, making them hard to see under a microscope
7
Q
How to mycobacterium tuberculosis affect the lungs?
A
Forms tubercle which form cheese like substances which breaks down the lung tissue
8
Q
Is tuberculosis asymptomatic at the beginning?
A
Yes
9
Q
What are 4 manifestations of tuberculosis?
A
- Fatigue
- Productive cough
- Hemoptysis
- Night sweats
10
Q
How do you know if someone is really having night sweats?
A
If it’s so bad they have t change their sheets and/or clothes
11
Q
What does a positive Tb test mean?
A
They have been in contact with the bacteria at some point, not necessarily have the disease
12
Q
What are the 3 following tests if someone has a positive Tb test?
A
- Sputum
- Chest Xray
- Urine for acid-fast bacillus
13
Q
What is Croup?
A
Subglottic edema from an infection (narrow airway)
14
Q
What is the main mark of croup?
A
Barking cough
15
Q
What are 3 signs + symptoms of croup?
A
- Sore throat
- Low grade fever
- Seal-like barking cough
16
Q
What aspect of croup determines the severity of treatment?
A
If stridor is present (if so, more treatment)
17
Q
What type of drug is croup typically treated with?
A
Steroid
18
Q
What steroid is croup typically treated with?
A
Dexamethasone
19
Q
What population typically gets croup?
A
Children
20
Q
What is pneumonia?
A
Infection of the lower respiratory tract in the alveoli
21
Q
What is aspiration pneumonia?
A
When stomach contents are breathed into the lungs instead of swallowed into the stomach
22
Q
What is the most common pneumonia?
A
Streptococcus pneumonia
23
Q
What are the two types of acquired pneumonias?
A
- Community
- Nosocomial
24
Q
What does nosocomial mean?
A
Hospital acquired
25
Why are nosocomial acquired infections more serious?
There are more resistent pathogens in healthcare setting than
26
What are MRSA bacteria?
Bacteria that causes difficult to treat infection and are resistant to antibiotics
27
What is happening in the lungs during strep pneumonia?
Inflammatory response and fluid exudate in the alveoli
28
Is strep pneumonia viral or bacterial?
Bacterial
29
What is lobar pneumonia?
Pneumonia is aggressive in only 1-2 lobes
30
What do the black and white represent on an Air Bronchogram?
White - Infected
Black - Clear
31
What is the main problem with viral pneumonia?
It provides the perfect environment for more pathogens to grow
32
What are 4 signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Fever + chills
- Pleuritic chest pain (pleurisy near the pneumonia)
33
What are two characteristics are gram-positive bacteria?
- Thick cell wall
- Appear purple under microscope
34
What are two characteristics of gram-negative bacteria?
- Thinn cell wall
- Appear red under a microscope
35
Is streptococcus bacteria gram-positive or gram-negative?
Gram-positive
36
What are the three diagnostic tools for pneumonia?
- Chest X ray
- Blood test (elevated wbc)
- sputum gram stain
37
Gram stain vs Culture sensitivity
Gram stain
- determine if the bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative
Culture sensitivity
- determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics
- growing a culture of the bacteria and dotting it with antibiotics to see if it does anything
38
What do gram stains let us know about the bacteria?
Type of cell wall
39
Number 1 cause of lung cancer?
Smoke
40
What are the four types of cells in the lungs that cause lung cancer?
- Squamous cells
- Adenocarcinoma
- Large cell
- Small cell
41
Give a description for each type of cell in the lungs that cause lung cancer?
- Squamous cell (Holding it together)
- Adenocarcinoma (Secreting columnar cells)
- Large cell (stem cell)
- Small cell (endocrine)
42
Which type of lung cancer has a 5 year survival rate?
Small cell (endocrine)
43
Do we operate on small cell lung cancer?
No
44
Which type of lung cancer has the highest potential for metastasis?
Small cell
45
What are 3 manifestations of lung cancer?
- Coughing
- Hemoptysis
- Pleural effusion
46
What are the three treatments for lung cancer?
- Surgery
- Chemo
- Radiation
47
What type of disease is Cystic Fibrosis?
Autosomal Recessive Inherited Disease
48
What does Cystic Fibrosis result in?
Abnormal tenacious mucous secretions that obstruct tracts in
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
49
What is the usual cause of death in cystic fibrosis?
Respiratory failure
50
What happens to males with cystic fibrosis?
They are infertile
51
When is diagnosis of cystic fibrosis done?
Early
52
What test is used for cystic fibrosis?
Sweat test
53
What does the sweat test measure?
Levels of electrolytes
54
Do CF patients have high or low levels of electrolytes?
High levels of electrolytes
55
What does pseudomonas bacteria cause in CF patient's?
More rapid decline in lung function
56
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space, resulting in the lung collapsing
57
What are the 4 kinds of pneumothorax?
- Spontaneous
- Tension
- Open
- Secondary
58
What is a tension pneumothorax?
When air escapes from the lung into the pleural space, with every breathe, more air enters the pleural space but cannot get back to the lung, resulting in high pressure
59
What is the treatment for a tension pneumothorax?
Pressure relief
60
How many lungs are affected in an open pneumothorax?
One
61
What is an open pneumothorax?
A large wound in the chest wall allows air into the pleural space, and each breathe lets more air in, preventing the lung from fully expanding
62
What is the treatment for an open pneumothorax?
3 sided dressing dressing, letting air escape but not back in. Then chest tube
63
What is a flail chest?
Three or more adjacent ribs fracture in two or more places
64
What is the movement of a flail chest?
Paradoxical movement, fractured parts move in the opposite direction from the rest of the chest while breathing
65
What happens to the lung underneath the flail chest fractures?
It will not be ventilated, leading to a ventilation-perfusion mismatch
66
What is a pleural effusion?
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
67
What are the two types of pleural effusions?
- Exudative
- Transudative
68
What is an exudative pleural effusion?
When bad fluid is being pushing into the pleural space
69
What is a transudative pleural effusion?
When fluid is going into the pleural space faster than it can get out
70
What is a hemothorax?
Pleural effusion with blood
71
What is an empyema?
Pleural effusion with pus
72
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Excess scar tissue in the lung preventing someone from taking a deep breath in
73
What is the opposite of pulmonary fibrosis?
COPD
74
What are three causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
- Scarring after a disease
- Chemical scarring
- Idiopathic
75
What do antihistamines do at a cellular level?
Stabilize the cell membrane so they don't release histamine
76
What response is histamine apart of?
Inflammatory response
77
What effect does histamine cause?
Bronchoconstriction
78
What are uses for antihistamine?
- Allergies
- Blood transfusions
- Dermatologic conditions
79
When should antihistamines be given?
Before the treatment/trigger, before histamine has a chance to bind to the receptors
80
What are the two main side effects of antihistamines?
- Drying effects (dry mouth)
- Drowsiness
81
What is the most common sedative antihistamine?
Benadryl (diphenhydramine)
82
What are three non-sedating antihistamines?
- Reactine
- Allegra
- Claritin
83
What must nurses always tell patient's going on antihistamines?
Do not drive until you get a sense of your medication dose
84
What are the three types of decongestants?
- Adrenergics
- Anticholinergics
- Corticosteroids
85
What is the main adrenergic?
Pseudoephedrine
86
What is the main drug used for nasal congestion?
Pseudoephedrine
87
What is the most common intranasal steroid (topical decongestant)?
Flonase
88
What are two effects of nasal steroids?
- Anti-inflammatory effect
- Decreases amount of secretions
89
What are three indication of use for decongestants?
- Rhinitis
- Common cold
- Sinusitis
90
If someone has ___, they cannot take decongestants
Hypertension
91
What are antitussives used for?
Stop/reduce coughing
92
What are the two types of antitussives?
- Opioid
- Non-opioid
93
What is a non-opioid antitussives?
Dextromethorphan
94
Expectorants vs. Decongestants
Expectorants - help you get rid of mucus you already have
Decongestants - prevent you from forming mucus
95
What is a common expectorant?
Guaifenesin
96
How does guaifenesin work?
Makes you produce more mucus
97
