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Patho-Pharm Year 1 > Patho-Pharm Week 4 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Patho-Pharm Week 4 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

Sensation of uncomfortable breathing, feeling of being unable to get enough air

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1
Q

Is dyspnea subjective or objective?

A

Subjective

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2
Q

What are 3 signs and symptoms of dyspnea?

A
  • Flaring nostrils
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Retraction of the intercostal spaces
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3
Q

What are Cheyne-Stokes?

A

Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing

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4
Q

What do Cheyne-Stokes result from?

A

Injury to brain stem

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5
Q

What is the primary drive to breath?

A

Removing CO2

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6
Q

What is happening during hypoventilation?

A

You are unable to adequately move out CO2

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7
Q

What is the normal range of Pco2?

A

36-44 mmHg

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8
Q

What does too much CO2 result in?

A

Respiratory acidosis

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9
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Increased acidity in the blood and tissues

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10
Q

Define “hypercapnia”

A

Too much CO2

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11
Q

How does hypercapnia occur?

A

When CO2 removal does not keep up with CO2 production

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12
Q

What drugs cause depression of the respiratory center?

A

Opioids and Sedatives

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13
Q

What two neuromuscular junction diseases can cause hypercapnia?

A
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • ALS
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14
Q

Trauma to which part of the brain causes hypercampnia?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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15
Q

What is Hypoxemia?

A

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

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16
Q

What are 4 causes of hypoxemia?

A
  • Decreased O2 content of inspired air
  • Hypoventilation
  • Diffusion abnormalities
  • Abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratios
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17
Q

What are the two abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratios?

A
  • Blockage of the airway
  • Blockage of an artery
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18
Q

What are 4 ways we can get O2 to a patient that has hypoxemia?

A
  • Nasal prongs
  • Venturi mask
  • Non-Rebreather
  • Facial tent
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19
Q

What is the oxygenation saturation level of normal air?

A

21%

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20
Q

What’s the only way to increase the level of oxygen you’re taking in?

A

Increase the size of the reservoir

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21
Q

What is the only way to get 100% O2?

A

Non-Rebreather mask

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22
Q

How/why does the non-rebreather mask get you 100% O2?

A

The bag is big enough to fit your entire tidal volume so you’re only taking in 100% O2

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23
Q

When are facial tents used?

A

Special circumstances such as facial surgery, babies, etc.

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24
Q

Can you live on 100% oxygen?

A

No

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25
Q

What is hemoptysis an indication of?

A

Serious lung disease

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26
Q

What characterizes hemoptysis?

A

Coughing up bright red blood

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27
Q

What is Cyanosis?

A

Blue discoloration of the skin

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28
Q

What causes cyanosis?

A

Increased amounts of desaturated hemoglobin

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29
Q

In what population is cyanosis apparent?

A

Children

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30
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Pain when taking a deep breath

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31
Q

What causes pleurisy?

A

When the parietal pleura becomes irritated

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32
Q

What is clubbing?

A

Enlargement of the end of fingers

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33
Q

What is clubbing an indication of?

A

Serious problem, probably lung disease

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34
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways

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35
Q

What are 3 characteristics of asthma?

A
  • Bronchial muscle spasm
  • Edema
  • Tentation mucous production
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36
Q

What are 4 signs + symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Wheezing inspiration + expiration
  • Tachycardia
  • Circumoral cyanosis
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37
Q

What is used to diagnose asthma?

A

Spirometry

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38
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

How fast you can breath out

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39
Q

What is the most successful treatment of asthma?

A

Elimination of triggers

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40
Q

What drug are in blue puffers?

A

Bronchodilators (Ventolin)

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41
Q

What drugs are in green puffers?

A

Anticholinergic agents

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42
Q

What drugs are in the orange puffer?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids

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43
Q

What type of asthma drug is Ventolin?

A

Bronchodilators

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44
Q

What is COPD?

A

Lung diseases marked by the inability to breath out

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45
Q

What are 4 signs + symptoms of COPD?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Productive cough
  • Orthopnea
  • Severe accessory muscle use
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46
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Hypersecretion of mucous and productive cough

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47
Q

Do COPD patients have a hard time breathing in or out?

A

Out

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48
Q

What is the most obvious sign of chronic bronchitis?

A

Blue bloater

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49
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement of gas exchange, results in obstruction, loss of elastic recoil

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50
Q

What is primary emphysema due to? (those who don’t smoke)

A

Genetic deficiently of an enzyme

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51
Q

What is the most obvious sign of emphysema?

A

Pink puffer

52
Q

What are the two COPDs?

A

Chronis bronchitis and Emphysema

53
Q

Do people with emphysema have bigger or smaller lungs?

A

Bigger

54
Q

What is the most important action for emphysema?

A

Smoking cessation

55
Q

Do asthma or COPD do better with Ventolin?

A

Asthma

56
Q

Do asthma or COPD do better with anticholinergic agents?

A

COPD

57
Q

What are Xanthine Derivatives mechanism of action?

A

Intracellular cAMP

58
Q

What is the effect of xanthine derivatives?

A

Causes bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle (make the airway bigger)

59
Q

What condition are xanthine derivatives typically used for?

A

Asthma

60
Q

What are the three main side effects of xanthine derivatives?

A
  • N&V, anorexia
  • Headache
  • Sleep gastric reflux
61
Q

What are the two main xanthine derivatives?

A
  • Theophylline
  • Aminophylline
62
Q

What drug is a theophylline derivative?

A

Aminophylline

63
Q

Do xanthine derivatives have a lot of drug interactions?

A

Yes

64
Q

What body system is sensitive to xanthine derivatives?

A

Cardiac

65
Q

Which part of the nervous system do beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

66
Q

Which beta receptors do beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate?

A

Beta-2

67
Q

What is the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation, relaxation of smooth muscle and opening the air way

68
Q

What class of medication is ventolin apart of?

A

Beta-adrenergic agonists

69
Q

What is epinephrine life saving from?

A

Anaphylactic shock

70
Q

Synonym for albuterol?

A

Ventolin

71
Q

What is the ultimate beta-adrenergic agonist?

A

Epinephrine

72
Q

What is the most common beta-adrenergic agonist?

A

Albuterol

73
Q

What are the two most common ventolin forms?

A
  • Liquid nebules (nebulizer)
  • Metered inhalation aerosol (blue puffer)
74
Q

What are metered inhalation aerosol?

A

Blue puffer

75
Q

Is ventolin rapid or slow?

A

Rapid

76
Q

What is the main/big side effect of ventolin?

A

Overstimulation (tremors, palpitations, tachycardia)

77
Q

What is the standard times for taking ventolin?

A

2 puffs, 4 times a day, PNR

78
Q

“QID”

A

4 times a day

79
Q

“BID”

A

2 times a day

80
Q

“TID”

A

3 times a day

81
Q

“OD”

A

Once a day

82
Q

“Q12H”

A

Every 12 hours

83
Q

“PRN”

A

As needed

84
Q

What nervous system section do anticholinergics work on?

A

Parasympathetic

85
Q

What is the main effect of the anticholinergics?

A

Allow relaxation, bronchoconstriction is prevented (block acetylcholine)

86
Q

What is the main anticholinergic?

A

Atrovent

87
Q

Which anticholinergic is used acutely?

A

Atrovent

88
Q

Which anticholinergic is used chronically?

A

Spiriva (tiotropium)

89
Q

Are anticholinergics rapid or slow?

A

Slow

90
Q

What are 3 side effects of Atrovent (anticholinergics)?

A
  • Dry mouth and throat
  • Headache
  • Coughing
91
Q

What is the regular dosing for anticholinergics?

A

1-2 inhalations BID

92
Q

Ventolin vs Atrovent dosing

A

Ventolin: 2 puffs QID
Atrovent: 1-2 puffs BID

93
Q

What is the green puffer?

A

Anticholinergics

94
Q

What type of asthma are leukotrienes used for?

A

Allergic asthma

95
Q

What forms do leukotrienes usually come in

A

Pills and liquids

96
Q

What effect do leukotrienes have?

A

Prevent allergic cascade (block histamine reactions)

97
Q

What are 3 classic side effects of stimulant drugs?

A
  • Nausea + Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
98
Q

What is the main property of corticosteroids?

A

Anti-inflammatory

99
Q

What is the brown turbohaler?

A

Budesonide (pulmicort)

100
Q

What is the orange puffer?

A

Fluticasone (flovent)

101
Q

What are the two inhaled corticosteroids?

A
  • Budesonide
  • Fluticasone
102
Q

What is the purple disc/puffer?

A

Advair

103
Q

What two drugs make up advair?

A
  • Fluticasone
  • Salmeteral
104
Q

Essentially, what is salmeteral?

A

Long acting ventinol (long acting beta-agonist)

105
Q

What is the advantage of advair?

A

It manages both inflammation and bronchoconstriction

106
Q

What is symbicort a combination of?

A
  • Budesonide (pulmicort)
  • Formeterol
107
Q

What is formeterol?

A

Long acting ventolin

108
Q

What is the red turbohaler?

A

Symbicort

109
Q

What are the two oral corticosteroids?

A
  • Prednisone
  • Dexamethasone
110
Q

What are the IV corticosteroids?

A
  • Solumedrol
  • Solucortef
111
Q

What are 3 main side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?

A
  • Coughing
  • Dry mouth
  • Oral fungal infection
112
Q

What are 4 side effects of oral corticosteroids?

A
  • Moon face
  • Poor wound healing
  • Buffalo hump
  • Osteoporosis
113
Q

What are the two special considerations when taking steroids?

A
  • Drug interactions
  • Cushing’s syndrome
114
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Too much steroids (cortisol)

115
Q

What are 4 obvious signs of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • Mood face
  • Buffalo hump
  • Easy bruising
  • Cataracts
116
Q

After how many days can you abruptly stop taking corticosteroids without consequences?

A

10

117
Q

What can abruption of steroids lead to?

A

Addisonian crisis

118
Q

What is Addisonian crisis?

A

Lack of corticosteroids?

119
Q

What is apnea?

A

Breathing stops

120
Q

Hypoxia vs Hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia - low O2 in tissues
Hypoxemia - low O2 in the blood

121
Q

How is COPD diagnosed? (2 things)

A
  • Pulmonary function test
  • Chest Xray
122
Q

What is the IV drug for severe bronchospasm?

A

Epinephrine

123
Q

What is the colour of the mast cell stabilizer puffer?

A

White

124
Q

What do mast cell stabilizers do?

A

Stabilize the cell membrane of mast cells, preventing them from releasing histamine

125
Q

What is the name of the white puffer?

A

Intal (cromoglycate)

126
Q

When do mast cell stabilizers need to be used?

A

Before incidence

127
Q

What are 3 side effects of mast cell stabilizers

A
  • Bad taste
  • Coughing
  • Sore throat
128
Q

What tool improves puffers?

A

Spacers

Patho-Pharm Year 1 (5 decks)

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