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Patho-Pharm Year 1 > Patho-Pharm Week 1 - Fundamentals > Flashcards

Patho-Pharm Week 1 - Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Pharmaceutics”

A

How dosage forms influence the way the drug affects the body

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2
Q

Is absorption faster in acidic fluids or alkaline fluids?

A

Acidic fluids

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3
Q

What is the slowest PO med type?

A

Enteric-coated tablets

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4
Q

Define “Pharmacokinetics”

A

Process of drug movement to achieve drug action

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5
Q

What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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6
Q

What organ causes the first-pass effect?

A

Liver

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7
Q

What route of drug is susceptible to the first-pass effect?

A

PO (by mouth)

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8
Q

What is the first-pass effect?

A

When a drug is extensively metabolized by the liver before it can reach circulation

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9
Q

Define “Onset”

A

The time it takes a drug to reach minimum effective concentration

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10
Q

Define “ Peak”

A

Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood concentration

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11
Q

Define “Duration”

A

The length of time the drug has pharmacologic effect

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12
Q

Define “Half-life”

A

The time it takes for half of the original drug to be eliminated

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13
Q

How many half-lives do most drugs have?

A

5

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14
Q

During which half-life does the drug have most of its effect?

A

1

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15
Q

What is a “steady state”?

A

When the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

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16
Q

Define “Pharmacodynamics”

A

Mechanisms of drug actions in living tissues

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17
Q

What is a therapeutic response?

A

When a drug corrects or makes a positive change in the body

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18
Q

What two things can drugs modify when reached the site of action?

A

Rate at which the cell function + Function of the cell

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19
Q

What are the three types of drug actions?

A

Receptor, Enzyme, Nonselective

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20
Q

What are the two types of drug-receptor interaction?

A

Agonistic + Antagonistic

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21
Q

Define “Agonistic”

A

Elicits a response from the cell

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22
Q

Define “Antagonistic”

A

Does not elicit a response from the cell

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23
Q

What are nonselective drug interactions?

A

The drug interferes with a cellular process

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24
Q

What are enzyme drug interactions?

A

Inhibits or enhances the action of a specific enzyme

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25
Q

What are receptor drug interactions?

A

Receptor interacts with the drug on the cell membrane

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26
Q

What are the four nursing responsibilities during assessment of administering meds?

A
  • Current medication
  • Pregnancy
  • Concurrent illness, allergies, sensitivtities
  • Contraindications
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27
Q

What are the five nursing responsibilities during monitoring drugs?

A
  • Client’s condition (therapeutic effect)
  • Side effects
  • Adverse effects/reactions
  • Toxic effects
  • Interactions
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28
Q

What is an additive effect?

A

The combined effect of two or more substances is equal to the sum of their individual effects

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29
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

The combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects

30
Q

What is an antagonistic effect?

A

When you take two drugs, one diminishes/counteracts the effects of the other

31
Q

What is incompatibility with drugs?

A

When two drugs are taken together and leave an undesired effect

32
Q

What is a teratogenic?

A

Substance that can form malformations in the fetus

33
Q

What is a mutagenic?

A

Substance that can cause mutations

34
Q

What is a cancinogenic?

A

Substance that can cause cancer

35
Q

What is the chemical name of a drug?

A

The drugs chemical composition

36
Q

What is the generic name of a drug?

A

Name given by Health Canada

37
Q

What is the trade name of a drug?

A

Trademark name

38
Q

What is the absorption of a drug?

A

Movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream

39
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

How much of the administered drug reaches the bloodstream

40
Q

Where are most oral drugs absorbed in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine

41
Q

What is drug distribution?

A

Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

42
Q

What are five factors that impact drug distribution?

A
  • Blood flow
  • Capillary permeability
  • Protein binding
  • Volume of distribution
  • Solubility
43
Q

What three states can biotransformation (metabolism) turn a drug into?

A
  • Inactive
  • Active
  • Soluble
44
Q

What is the CYP450 system responsible for?

A

Metabolism in the liver

45
Q

What does the CYP450 system do to the drug?

A

Makes it more water soluble

46
Q

What is drug excretion?

A

Elimination of the drug from the bodt

47
Q

What are the four ways we can excrete drugs?

A
  • Urine
  • Bile
  • Exhale
  • Feces
48
Q

Finish the sentence; “Cells can adapt by either increasing or decreasing in __, __, and __.

A

Size, number, structure

49
Q

Define “Atrophy”

A

Decrease (shrinkage) in the size of cells

50
Q

Define “Hypertrophy”

A

Increase in the size of cells

51
Q

Define “Hyperplasia”

A

Increase in the # of cells, too many cells

52
Q

Define “Dysplasia”

A

Abnormal change sin the size, shape, and organization of mature cells

53
Q

What can dysplasia indicate?

A

Cancer

54
Q

Define “Metaplasia”

A

Replacement of a mature cell by another less differential cell type

55
Q

What injury is a collection of blood in soft tissues?

A

Hematoma

56
Q

What is the medical term for “Bruise”?

A

Contusion

57
Q

What is a tear in the skin called?

A

Laceration

58
Q

What is a flap of lacerated skin?

A

Avulsion

59
Q

What is a severed limb called?

A

Amputation

60
Q

What is the removal of the superficial layers of the skin?

A

Abrasion

61
Q

What are the three phases of wound healing?

A
  • Inflammatory phase
  • Proliferative Phase
  • Remodeling Phase
62
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A
  • Plasma B cell
  • Memory B cell
63
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A
  • Helper T cell
  • Cytotoxic T cell
  • Memory T cell
64
Q

What is antibody agglutination?

A

Making pathogens clump together

65
Q

What is antibody antitoxins?

A

Neutralising the toxins produced by the bacteria

66
Q

What is antibody lysis?

A

Digesting the bacteria membrane, killing it

67
Q

What is antibody opsonization?

A

Coats pathogen in a protein that identifies them as foreign

68
Q

What are the two catecholamine hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

69
Q

Which hormone is responsible for sodium balance?

A

Aldosterone

70
Q

Which nervous system branch is responsible for the stress response?

A

Automatic nervous system

Patho-Pharm Year 1 (5 decks)

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