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Patho-Pharm Year 1 > Patho-Pharm Week 2 - CNS > Flashcards

Patho-Pharm Week 2 - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale used for?

A

Measure a person’s level of consciousness after a head injury

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2
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

When a person can’t remember what happened after their concussion (can’t form new memories)

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3
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

When a person can’t remember what happened before their concussion

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4
Q

How are concussions diagnosed?

A

Via exclusion of other conditions

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5
Q

Differentiate decorticate and decerebrate

A

Decorticate - arms in on the chest
Decerebrate - arms out on sides

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6
Q

Is decorticate posture abnormal flexion or extension?

A

Flexion

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7
Q

Where is an Epidural Hematoma found?

A

Between the skull and the dura mater

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8
Q

What is the source/cause of an Epidural Hematoma?

A

Tear in an artery, forming a pocket of blood

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9
Q

What other injury is associated with an Epidural Hematoma?

A

Skull Fracture

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10
Q

Where is a Subdural Hematoma found?

A

Between the dura and the arachnoid mater

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11
Q

Where is a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage found?

A

Under the arachnoid mater

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12
Q

Do Subarachnoid Hemorrhages form pockets or fill a continuous space?

A

Fill a continuous space

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13
Q

How do Subarachnoid Hemorrhages create intracranial pressure in the brain?

A

It creates symmetrical intracranial pressure

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14
Q

As a nurse, what are the four key steps when treating someone with intracranial pressure?

A
  1. Lying done, head 45 degrees
  2. Hyperventilation
  3. Hypertonic saline IV
  4. Medications
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15
Q

How does hyperventilation help mediate intracranial pressure?

A

CO2 gets out, blood vessels constrict and get smaller, leaving more space inside the head

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16
Q

How does tilting someone’s head down to 45 degrees help with intracranial pressure?

A

It helps facilitate venous drainage from the head

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17
Q

How does hypertonic saline help with intracranial pressure?

A

Due to the high sodium concentration, it facilitates drawing water out of brain cells and into the bloodstream

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18
Q

What is Mannitol (drug)?

A

Osmotic diuretic, pulling fluid from tissues and into the plasma

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19
Q

What are Loop Dieuretics (drug)?

A

Work on the loop of henle by reducing sodium reabsorption and therefore promoting water and sodium elimination from the body

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20
Q

What the main function of corticosteroids (drug)?

A

Reduces inflammation

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21
Q

What is the main function of barbiturates (drug) in intracranial pressure?

A

They keep agitation seizures under control

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22
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Weakened bulging area in the wall of a blood vessel

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23
Q

Where are berry aneurysms found in the brain?

A

Circle of Willis

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24
Q

What brain injury do berry aneurysms cause if they rupture?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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25
What is a "coup" traumatic brain injury?
Injury occurred at the site of impact
26
What is a "contrecoup" traumatic brain injury?
Injury occurred on the opposite site of impact
27
What happens if your spine fracture is at C1-C2?
Death
28
What happens if your spine fracture is at C4-C7?
Quadriplegic
29
What happens if your spine fracture is at L1-L2?
Paraplegic
30
Below which vertebra dose your spinal cord injury need to be so you can still breath?
C5
31
What is hyperreflexia?
Excess reflex response to a stimuli after a spinal cord injury
32
What is the most severe case of hyperreflexia
Clonus
33
What is clonus?
There is so much stimulation to a muscle group that the opposite muscle group kicks in and causes a back and fourth vibration movement
34
What is a myelogram?
Using dye and x-rays to look for problems in the spinal cord
35
What type of tissue/cell will brain tumors never be made of?
Neurons
36
What are the 3 types of intracerebral brain tumors?
- Astrocytoma - Glioblastoma multiform - Pituitary adenoma
37
What are the 2 types of extracerebral brain tumors?
- Meningioma - Neurofibroma
38
What type of tissue do astrocytomas arise from?
Astrocytes
39
Are astrocytomas homogenous tumors?
Yes
40
What type of tissue do glioblastoma multiforms arise from?
Mature glial cells
41
Are glioblastoma multiforms fatal?
Yes
42
What are homogenous brain tumors?
Tumors that have a consistent appearance throughout its structure
43
What type of brain tumor are very rapid growing?
Glioblastoma multiform
44
Where are pituitary adenomas operated through?
The nose
45
What is a large consequence to removing a pituitary adenoma?
Lack of hormones
46
Do pituitary adenomas metastasize?
No
47
What type tissue do meningiomas arise from?
Arachnoid cells
48
What factor of meningioma tumors determine the severity?
Location
49
What type of tissue do neurofibromas arise from?
Schwann cells
50
Seizures vs Epilepsy
Seizure - event of abnormal brain function Epilepsy - medical condition characterized by having multiple seizures
51
What is a convulsion seizures?
Seizure characterized by clonic-tonic movement, person's body will shake uncontrollably
52
What is a generalized seizure?
Occurs on both brain lobes
53
What is a focal (partial) seizure?
Occurs only on one lobe
54
What are three important triggers for seizures?
- Febrile illnesses - Use of stimulant drugs (like cocaine) - Withdrawal from depressant drugs (like alcohol)
55
What is status epilepticus?
Multiple seizures without regaining consciousness OR seizures lasting over 30 mins
56
What is the post-ictal state?
Time period immediately following a seizures, marked by fatigue
57
What confirms someone had a seizure?
Fatigue (post-ictal state) following a seizure
58
What is an Aura (seizure)?
Partial seizure that immediately precedes a seizure
59
What is a Prodroma?
Early manifestation that can occur hours to days before a seizure (unwell feeling before you have a seizure)
60
What are the two big medications given for seizures?
- Benzodiazepines - Phenytoin
61
What is the effect of benzodiazepines?
Sedation
62
What is the effect of phenytoin?
Decreases abnormal brain activity
63
What is the 3rd leading cause of death in North America?
Strokes
64
What is the leading cause of disability?
Strokes
65
What is the more common type of stroke?
Ischemic
66
What causes an ischemic stroke?
Blood loss supply in the brain
67
What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?
Bleeding in the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel
68
What is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)
Mini stroke, indicating a warning of an upcoming stroke
69
What are the two types of ischemic strokes?
Embolic Thrombotic
70
What is the difference between embolic and thrombotic strokes?
Embolic - clot forms somewhere else in the body and travels Thrombotic - clot form in a cerebral artery
71
What is the main drug used for ischemic strokes?
TPA
72
What's the window for administering TPA for ischemic strokes?
4.5 hours
73
Why is blood pressure brought down for hemorrhagic strokes?
To prevent losing more blood from the rupture
74
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Patho-Pharm Year 1 (6 decks)

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