PATHO FINAL RELEASE ME!!!

Question 1

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 1

Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

Seizures

Answer 2

-an abnormal electrical firing in the brain that interrupts normal function.
-generalized involves both hemispheres of brain and loss of
consciousness is common.

Question 3

Epilepsy

Answer 3

-a common condition in which unprovoked, recurrent seizures are caused by physiological
changes.
-

Question 4

Guillain Barre

Answer 4

an inflammatory, demyelinating disease whose etiology is not completely understood but
probably immunologic in origin. It affects people of any age, sex, or race and is characterized by extreme
weakness and numbness or tingling in the extremities and a loss of movement or feeling in the upper
body and face progressing to paralysis. There is an association with infections, vaccinations, and surgery.
Most clients have good recovery but it may take months.

Question 5

S/S

Answer 5

Weakness usually begins in the legs, then spreads to involve the arms and face. Respiratory muscles
may be involved. Life-threatening complications can occur such as tachycardia, arrhythmias, and
pulmonary dysfunction.

Question 6

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 6

chronic, progressive, degenerative disease that affects clients over the age of 65,
although it has been known to occur between the ages of 40 and 50. Structural changes in the brain
…degenerative changes result in a declining ability to cope with everyday life as brain cells die.

Question 7

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS):

Answer 7

serious, rapidly progressive, debilitating, and fatal neurological
disease that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary muscles. There are no sensory or cognitive
changes. Most people are diagnosed around the age of 40 to 50

Question 8

Multiple sclerosis (MS):

Answer 8

a chronic, debilitating, progressive disease of the central nervous system. MS is
characterized by the demyelination of nerves of the central nervous system. MS usually appears between the
ages of 20 and 50 and affects females more than males. An autoimmune response occurs as a result of a
viral infection in a person who is susceptible genetically to MS. The inflammatory response sets in as T-
cells, which were needed to fight infection, did not leave the CNS post-infection. Inflammation destroys
myelin (which insulates nerves) and cells that produce myelin. The myelin sheaths that protect nerves
normally are destroyed in a patchy manner. The patchy areas are called plaques. When the myelin is
intact, the nerve impulses can move rapidly. However, in MS, the impulses are slow, distorted, and may
become completely absent. The most commonly affected nerves are located in the following places: the
white matter of the spinal cord, optic nerve, brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum.

Question 9

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 9

progressive disorder of the CNS, affecting a person’s movement, balance, and
muscle control. It is more common in males with onset of symptoms typically between the ages of 40 and
70. Understand the actions of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh). What are
symptoms that are typical? (tremor, rigid muscles, slowed movement, impaired posture)

Question 10

Meningitis:

Answer 10

inflammation of meninges. Viral vs bacterial. Signs and symptoms – worry about ICP and
bacterial type. How is this spread from person to person? (spit, Respiratory)

Question 11

ICP:

Answer 11

Normal intracranial pressure is considered to be 15 mm Hg or below. Increased intracranial pressure
(IICP) is prolonged, elevated pressure in the cranium leading to hypoxic brain tissue with permanent brain
damage. Increased intracranial pressure is a medical emergency.

Question 12

DMD

Answer 12

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular
dystrophy. Mutations in the dystrophin gene lead to progressive muscle fiber degeneration and
weakness. This weakness may present initially with difficulty in ambulation but progressively advances
to such an extent that affected patients are unable to carry out activities of daily living and must use
wheelchairs.

Question 13

Gower’s sign

Answer 13

presents with any condition that is associated with weakness of the pelvic girdle or proximal muscles of lower extremities

Question 14

JIA

Answer 14

-Group of idiopathic inflammatory arthritis affecting children younger than 16 years of age and
lasting six weeks or longer.
-JIA has the general pattern of inflammatory joint disease (synovitis, joint effusion, soft tissue
swelling, osteopenia, bone edema, and erosions) with some additional elements related to developmental
age, such as epiphyseal growth disturbances, premature bone maturity- so person does not reach full
height or one limb does not grow symmetrically.

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

metabolic bone disorder that results in the loss of bone mass due to the rate of bone
resorption exceeding the rate of bone formation = porous and brittle, which leads to easy bone fractures.

Question 16

Compartment syndrome

Answer 16

• occurs when the pressure within a compartment increases, restricting the blood flow to the area and potentially damaging the muscles and nearby nerves
  -“6 Ps” of compartment syndrome ((pain, paresthesia, paresis, pallor, poikilothermia, and pulselessness)

Question 17

Osteoclasts

Answer 17

a specialized cell that absorbs and removes bone, allowing for the development of new bone and maintenance of bone strength.

Question 18

Osteoblasts

Answer 18

cells that form bone tissue. Osteoblasts can synthesize and secrete bone matrix and participate in the mineralization of bone to regulate the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in developing bone.

Question 19

Fracture healing

Answer 19

1) the formation of hematoma at the break,
2) the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus,
3) the formation of a bony callus, and
4) remodeling and addition of compact bone.

Question 20

Osteoarthritis

Answer 20

progressive deterioration and/or loss of cartilage in the joints, particularly the hips, knees,
vertebral column, and hands. This breakdown of cartilage—which cushions the joints—causes the bones
to rub together resulting in pain, stiffness, and loss of movement in the joint. The cartilage becomes soft,
opaque, yellow, and thin resulting in fissures, pitting, ulcerations, bone spurs, and bone cysts .

Question 21

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Answer 21

autoimmune diseases are caused when the body does not turn off the immune
system to fight foreign invaders. Because of this, the body produces antibodies against its own healthy
cells because it has run out of foreign enemies to fight. The body continues the fight against itself, which
results in debilitating and life-threatening illnesses.

Question 22

SKIN

Answer 22

largest system in the body. Two major tissue layers: the epidermis and the dermis (this is
important to understand when classifying burns).

Question 23

Psoriasis

Answer 23

-a chronic inflammatory condition that has no cure. Its appearance is recurrent with alternating
periods of remission. Flare-up episodes are affected by stress, endocrine changes, and the environment.
The condition is noncontagious
- is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by silvery scales. It is
not viral, bacterial, or described as nonspecific dermatitis.

Question 24

Contact dermatitis:

Answer 24

exposure to irritants or allergens-

Question 25

Rubella Skin infection

Answer 25

*RNA virus via respiratory route
*The disease is mild in most children
*Manifestations
*Enlarged cervical and postauricular lymph nodes, low-grade fever, headache, sore throat, runny nose, cough
*Faint pink-to-red maculopapular rash caused by virus dissemination to trunk and extremities

Question 26

Rubeola Skin infection

Answer 26

-Red measles
*RNA paramyxovirus
*High fever, malaise, enlarged lymph
nodes, runny nose, conjunctivitis,
barking cough
*Koplik spots in mouth

Question 27

Varicella Skin infection

Answer 27

-highly contagious
-a herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles; herpes zoster.

Question 28

Tinea fungal infection

Answer 28

Fungal disorders are called mycoses;
mycoses caused by dermatophytes are
termed tinea

Question 29

Impetigo fungal infection

Answer 29

*High incidence in hot, humid
climates
*Two types
*Nonbullous
*Bullous
*Honey-colored lesions often located
on the face, around nose and mouth
*Blisters form a bullae

Question 30

First Degree burns

Answer 30

burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and
with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an
increase or decrease in the skin color.

Question 31

Second Degree burns

Answer 31

degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red,
blistered, and may be swollen and painful.

Question 32

Second Degree burns

Answer 32

degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red,
blistered, and may be swollen and painful.

Question 33

Third Degree burns

Answer 33

burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the
underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in
the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

Question 34

Melanoma

Answer 34

Melanoma is a tumor produced by the malignant
transformation of melanocytes.