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NURSING STUFF HEHEHEHEHAHAAHAHHAAH > MICROPENIS PART 2 > Flashcards

MICROPENIS PART 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sterilization

A

is the removal or destruction of all microorganisms and viruses on or in a product.

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2
Q

Sterile Item

A

is free of all viable microbes, including endospores but is not necessarily free of prions.

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

is the elimination of most or all pathogens on or in a material using chemicals called
disinfectants on inanimate objects (virucides, fungicides, and bactericides) or antiseptics on living
tissue.

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4
Q

Decontamination

A

reduces the number of pathogens to a safe level.

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5
Q

Sanitization

A

substantially reduces the microbial population to minimize the spread of disease.

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6
Q

Preservation

A

is the process of delaying spoilage of perishable products, including refrigeration and pasteurization, a brief heat treatment usually applied to food items that reduce the number of spoilage organisms and destroy pathogens without changing the characteristics of the product.

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7
Q

the type and number of microbes to be controlled

A

some infectious agents are highly
resistant, including bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts and oocysts, Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas species, and non-enveloped viruses. The time it takes to kill a microbial
population depends in part on the number of cells present. It takes more time to kill a large
population than to kill a small population, because only a fraction of organisms die during a
given time interval.

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8
Q

environmental conditions

A

dirt, grease and body fluids can affect antimicrobial procedures. Bacteria in biofilms are often resistant. Temperature and pH impact effectiveness of
procedures.

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9
Q

risks for infection

A

medical instruments are categorized as critical, semi-critical or non-critical according to their risks of transmitting infectious agents.

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10
Q

Moist heat

A

denatures proteins. Relatively fast, reliable, safe, and inexpensive.

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11
Q

Boiling

A

Boiling for 5 minutes destroys most microorganisms and viruses but not
endospores.

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12
Q

Pasteurization

A

Significantly decreases the numbers of heat-sensitive microorganisms, including spoilage microbes and pathogens (except endospore
formers).

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13
Q

Autoclaving

A

destroys all infectious agents including endospores.

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14
Q

Dry heat

A

destroys cell components and denatures proteins.

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15
Q

Incineration

A

burns cell components to ashes

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16
Q

Dry heat ovens

A

less efficient and requires longer time

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17
Q

Filtration

A

o filters retain microbes while allowing the suspending fluid or air to pass through
small holes.
o Membrane filters are used for fluids. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are
used for air.

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18
Q

Irradiation

A

o Ionizing radiation: Destroys DNA and damages membranes. Includes gamma rays and
X rays.
o Ultraviolet radiation: Damages DNA but penetrates poorly.
o Microwaves: Kill by heat rather than radiation.

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19
Q

High pressure

A

Denatures proteins and alters cell permeability.

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20
Q

Sterilant

A

destroy all microbes including endospores and viruses.

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21
Q

High-level disinfectants

A

destroy all viruses and vegetative microorganisms, but they do not reliably kill endospores.

22
Q

Intermediate-level disinfectants

A

destroy all vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria),
as well as fungi, and most viruses.

23
Q

Low-level disinfectants

A

destroy fungi, vegetative bacteria except mycobacteria, and enveloped viruses but not endospores or non-enveloped viruses.

24
Q

Factors to consider when choosing a germicide include

A
  • Toxicity
  • Activity in the presence of organic matter
  • Compatibility with the material being treated
  • Cost and availability
  • Residue
  • Storage and stability
  • Environmental risk.
25
Q

Fungi

A

-include molds, single-celled yeasts, and mushrooms.
-zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and chytridiomycetes.
-cell wall contains chitin
-contain ergosterol
-fungal filaments called hyphae
-a tangled mass of hyphae (mycelium)

26
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

can grow either as single cells (yeast) or as mycelia

26
Q

Protozoa

A
  • a diverse group of single-celled, non-photosynthetic organisms.
  • are free-living and are found
    in marine and freshwater as well as terrestrial environments
    -decomposers
  • vegetative trophozoite can develop into a resting cyst.
  • some reproduce by multiple fissions or schizogony.
27
Q

Algae

A

-most algae are aquatic; they may be
microscopic or macroscopic, unicellular or multicellular
-unicellular algae make up a significant part
of the phytoplankton
-Their cell walls are made of cellulose and other commercially important
materials such as agar and alginic acid
-contain chlorophyll a

28
Q

Helminths

A

-are worms. Some are parasitic and can invade human tissues, causing disease or robbing
the body of nutrients.
-asexual stages occurring in one or more intermediate hosts and the sexual
or adult stage occurring in the definitive host.
-A human being may be a dead-end host in which the organism cannot complete its life cycle.

29
Q

Nematodes (roundworms)

A

has a cylindrical, tapered body with a digestive tract that extends from the mouth to the anus.

29
Q

Nematodes (roundworms)

A

has a cylindrical, tapered body with a digestive tract that extends from the mouth to the anus.

30
Q

cestodes (tapeworms)

A

worms with segmented bodies and hooks to
attach to the wall of the intestine.

31
Q

Arthropods

A

-animals that include the insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, lice, and fleas) and the
arachnids (such as ticks and mites).
-main role in disease is to serve as vectors that can
transmit microorganisms and viruses to humans.

32
Q

Viruses

A

-They are composed of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid.
-icosahedral, helical, or complex.
-enveloped, nonenveloped

33
Q

Caspid

A

-nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

34
Q

Nucleocaspid

A

The capsid together with the nucleic acid it encloses is called the

35
Q

Lytic or virulent phages

A

the T4 phage exit the host at the end of the cycle by lysing the host, resulting in a productive infection.

36
Q

Five steps of infection

A

attachment, genome entry, synthesis of phage proteins and genome,
assembly (maturation), and release.

37
Q

Temperate phages

A

such as lambda have the option of either directing a productive infection or
initiating a lysogenic infection

38
Q

Lysogen

A

an infected cell

39
Q

Repressor

A

maintains prophages

40
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

occurs if a prophage carries genes that change the phenotype of the host cell

41
Q

Generalized transduction

A

results from a packaging error during phage assembly.

42
Q

Specialized transduction

A

results from an excision mistake made by a temperate phage during its transition from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.

43
Q

Plaque assays

A

are routinely used to determine the
concentration of phage particles in samples such as sewage, seawater, and soil.

44
Q

Acute
infections

A

characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms of a relatively short duration e.g.
influenza.

45
Q

persistent infections

A

can continue with or without symptoms for years, or even for the life span of the host.

46
Q

Oncogene

A

is a proto-oncogene that has been changed in such a way that it promotes uncontrolled growth.

46
Q

Oncogene

A

is a proto-oncogene that has been changed in such a way that it promotes uncontrolled growth.

47
Q

oncogenic viruses

A

Viruses that lead to cancer
formation

48
Q

Viroids

A

consist solely of a small single-stranded RNA molecule that forms a closed ring. They are
about one-tenth the size of the smallest infectious viral RNA genome known

49
Q

Prion

A
  • composed only of protein
    -They have no nucleic acid.

NURSING STUFF HEHEHEHEHAHAAHAHHAAH (9 decks)

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