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NURSING STUFF HEHEHEHEHAHAAHAHHAAH > PATHO... > Flashcards

PATHO... Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidneys

A

-Main excretory organs. While working along with other body systems, these help to maintain homeostasis, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. This is where urine is formed regulating water and soluble substance by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what substances are needed, and excreting the rest as urine.

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2
Q

Nephron

A

-Functional unit of the kidney
-Composed of: Glomerulus

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3
Q

Glomerulus

A

-Filtering unit
-a network of capillaries originating from the afferent arteriole
-surrounded by bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

-Functions as a filter in the formation of urine
-Tubule composed of distinct segments:
-Proximal tubule, descending and ascending loop of Henle, Distal tubule, and collecting tubule.

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5
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

-the fluid that filters thru the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule. (pressure of blood in the glomerulus causes fluid to filter thru the glomerular capillaries and into the bowman’s capsule)

-From there, blood enters the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct (collect fluids into many nephrons)
-Collecting duct empties into the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder.

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6
Q

GFR

A

-The volume of water filtered from the plasma per unit of time.
-Gives a rough measure of the number of the functioning nephrons
-Normal GFR: (men) 130mL/min./1.73m^2
(women) 120mL/min./1.73m^2
-THIS CAN NOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY, SO WE USE CREATININE AND CREATININE CLEARANCE TO ESTIMATE.

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7
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

-Inflammation of the glomerulus
-Primary glomerular injury, ISOLATED TO KIDNEY
-Secondary glomerular injury, CAUSED BY SYSTEMIC DISEASE
-Immune mechanisms are main components of primary and secondary injury.

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8
Q

Post Strep infection

A

-Acute inflammation of the glomerulus
-Antigen-antibodies deposit in the glomerulus
-Scarring
-symptoms: Hematuria (blood cells that looks like casts) Proteinuria (spilling of albumin into the urine)
-3-12 years old
-Occurs 10-30 days following an acute infection.
-Common cause group A beta hemolytic strep, which is the infection of the mouth and pharynx.

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9
Q

Treatment

A

-If BUN is increased and oliguria is present, then dietary protein should be limited or restricted
-Low sodium diet until kidney function normalizes: sodium causes fluid retention
-Monitor fluid intake closely due to edema and fluid retention
-Diuretics help kidneys get rid of excess sodium and water
-Steroids depending on the cause (autoimmune disease): Decrease inflammation in the glomerulus so membranes can heal
-Monitor intake and output
-Measure weight daily at the same time each day.

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10
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

-heavy proteinuria
-Dark urine
-Excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine per day
-Primary causes: Minimal change nephropathy, membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-Secondary causes: systemic diseases (diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, systemic lupus, erthyomatosus, henoch-schonlein purpura.

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11
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

-Hematuria with RBC casts in Urine
-Tea-colored urine
-Less severe than nephrotic syndrome
-dark urine
-Decreased GFR
-occurs with: infectious-related glomerulonephritis
-Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Obstructive Disorders of Kidneys

A

-obstruction of the urinary tract at any level eventually results in elevation of intraluminal ureteral pressure.
-AGE is a factor
-In children, structural abnormalities- birth defects such as valves in the inside back part of the urethra.
-In young adults: Stones in a kidney or ureter or elsewhere in the urinary tract
-Older adults, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer, tumors, and stones.

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13
Q

BPH

A

-Enlargement of the prostate
-Age related
-Nonmalignant
-Nodules can compress the urethra to a narrow slit
-Decreasing testosterone levels can decrease prostate growth

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14
Q

Renal calculi

A

-Urinary stones
-diet
-genetic
-

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

-Bacterial infection of one or both kidneys.
-UTI, infections of the bladder
-

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16
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease

A

-As renal function declines, the end products of protein metabolism (which are normally
excreted in urine) accumulate in the blood. Uremia develops and adversely affects every system
in the body. The greater the buildup of waste products, the more severe the signs and symptoms.
SO think about waste product buildup( BUN & creatinine), electrolyte imbalance and acid base,
what about your cardiovascular( hypertension but why?), decreased vitamin D activation, mineral
bone disease ( why? What is happening with PTH?)

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17
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease

A

-As renal function declines, the end products of protein metabolism (which are normally
excreted in urine) accumulate in the blood. Uremia develops and adversely affects every system
in the body. The greater the buildup of waste products, the more severe the signs and symptoms.
SO think about waste product buildup( BUN & creatinine), electrolyte imbalance and acid base,
what about your cardiovascular( hypertension but why?), decreased vitamin D activation, mineral
bone disease ( why? What is happening with PTH?)

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18
Q

Chronic Kidney disease manifestations

A

-Hypertension (think RHAAS Pathway)
-Mineral metabolism disorders > metastatic calcifications, and bone disease.
-Hyperphosphatemia (extra phosphorus in blood) > Hypercalcemia (Extra protein) > Increased PTH, Calcium resorption from bone > bone loss
-Impaired osteoblasts.

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19
Q

Hemodialysis

A

-on going dialysis, 3 - 5 times a week, cleans your blood
-Low blood pressure consequence

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20
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

-on going dialysis, collects waste from abdomen.
-can cause infection (peritonitis)

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21
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

When thyroid hormone levels get low, the hypothalamus is triggered to release thyroid-releasing hormone
(TRH):
→ TRH triggers the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
→ TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone that is released into the blood.
→ Metabolism increases and energy levels increase
Too much ( hyperthyroidism), too little (hypothyroidism)

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22
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  1. Stimulate gluconeogenesis (the formation of carbohydrates from proteins and other substances by the
    liver).
  2. Provide amino acids and glucose during times of stress.
  3. Suppress the immune system due to powerful immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory properties.
  4. Stimulate fat breakdown. Fatty acids are released and used for energy production.
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23
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

-Too many steroids
-overstimulation by the pituitary
-hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland
-rapid destruction of the gland
-ACTH excess or cortisol excess

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24
Q

Addison’s disease

A

-cause: atrophy of the adrenal cortex as a result of autoimmune proccesses.
-not enough steroids
-Shock and hyperkalemia
-weakness, fatigue
-Increased pigmentation
-Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-Hypometabolism
-understimulation by the pituitary
-depression of hormones secretion by drugs or food

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25
Q

Pancreas

A

-produces the hormone insulin. The function of insulin is to carry glucose from the vascular space
(bloodstream) into the cell. If the glucose cannot get into the cell, the glucose will stay in the vascular
space (bloodstream) and build up to dangerously high levels depending on the degree of pancreatic
dysfunction.

26
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

occurs when there is not enough insulin to carry the glucose out of the vascular
space and into the cells. cells need glucose (sugar) for energy. Without insulin, the body enters a
state of catabolism. Catabolism means to tear down and anabolism means to build up. The cells need
energy, so they begin to break down fats and proteins. FAT breakdown (not protein breakdown) leads to
ketone formation. Ketones are acids. This increase in ketones in the blood leads to metabolic acidosis.

27
Q

DM 1

A

-In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin.
-Feeling more thirsty than usual (polydipsia)
-Urinating a lot (polyuria)
-Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night
-Feeling very hungry
-Losing weight without trying
-Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
-Feeling tired and weak
-Having blurry vision
-INSUFFICIENT INSULIN

28
Q

DM 2

A
  • an impairment in the way the body regulates and uses sugar (glucose) as a fuel. This long-term (chronic) condition results in too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream. Eventually, high blood sugar levels can lead to disorders of the circulatory, nervous and immune systems.
    -Increased thirst (polydipsia)
    -Frequent urination (polyuria)
    -Increased hunger (polyphagia)
    -Unintended weight loss
    -Fatigue
    -Blurred vision
    -Slow-healing sores
    -Frequent infections
    -Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
    -Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck
    -INSULIN RESISTANCE
29
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

-Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration

30
Q

Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Lack of ADH (Trauma, stroke, infection)

31
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

Inability of the kidney to respond normally to ADH

32
Q

SIADH

A

Excess of ADH, decreased excretion of free water.

33
Q

Goiter

A

-Increased size of the thyroid gland
-Difficulty in swallowing
-Distension of the veins of the neck and upper extremities
-edema of the eyelids and conjuctiva

34
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

-High level of glucocorticoids

35
Q

Grave’s disease

A

-autoimmune disorder
-The most common cause of hypothyroidism
-The most common cause of hyperthyroidism
-Common cause of adrenal insufficiency

36
Q

GER

A

Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter is weakened

37
Q

GERD disease

A

is chronic and not episodic
-Dietary management includes:
-Losing weight if obese
-Eating a low-fat, high-protein diet to reduce acid production
-Limiting or avoiding chocolate, fatty foods, and mints to ease lower esophageal sphincter pressure.
-Eating small, frequent meals…

38
Q

Esophageal disease

A

manifests itself as dysphagia, or difficult or painful swallowing.

39
Q

Gastritis

A

-Can be acute or chronic
-Inflammation of the stomach lining
-Can lead to bleeding
-H. Pylori

40
Q

H. Pylori

A

-H. Pylori > damages stomach
-Most common causes of chronic stomach diseases
-Ulcers
-Repair and healing
-Increased risk of gastric cancer

41
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease ( PUD)

A

is an erosion of the lining of the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or
esophagus caused by exposure to hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori
causes damage to the mucosa of the GI tract.

42
Q

Enterocolitis

A

A cause of inflammation in the digestive tract. The disorder specifically affects the inner linings on both the small intestine and the colon, causing a number of symptoms in the body.

43
Q

Ulcerative colitis (occurs around colon)

A

-Differs from crohn’s disease in terms of location
-Forms ulcers, but does not typically go thru all five layers of the intestines
-Bloody stools

44
Q

Crohn disease

A

-can be anywhere
-Affects the whole GI tract, but typically affects the small intestine
-Inflammation of the first layer of the small and large intestine, but can go thru all five layers, leaving a hole.
-non-bloody

45
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

a blockage of the flow of intestinal contents. If not treated, the lining swells
with contents and can rupture leading to what? Types include Volvulus, Intussusception, Hernia,
Adhesions. Consequences: The farther up the GI tract the obstruction is, the quicker vomiting
occurs. The further down the GI tract the obstruction is, the more food, gas, and fluids can
accumulate before the body begins to rid itself of them. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can
occur because of the body’s inability to absorb nutrients to maintain balance. Vomiting and
diarrhea can also lead to imbalances

46
Q

Appendicitis

A

appendix becomes obstructed, bacteria trapped within the appendiceal lumen
begin to multiply, and the appendix becomes distended.
-Belly button pain
-fevers and chills
-Vomiting and Nausea
-Bloating
-Constipation or diarrhea
-Rebound tenderness

47
Q

Celiac Disease

A

-One of the most common genetic disease
-T-cell mediated reaction to gluten component
-Impairs the person’s ability to absorb nutrients
-Autoimmune disease.
-Antibodies > inflammatory reaction > loss of small intestine villi > malabsorption
-BROW = Barley, rye, oats, wheat

48
Q

LIVER

A

Acts as a filter. Forms and secretes bile. Stores glycogen and synthesizes urea.
Metabolizes cholesterol and fat. Stores blood, conjugates bilirubin.

49
Q

Portal venous system

A

-transports venous blood to the liver for processing

50
Q

Systemic Venous system

A

-returns blood to the right atrium of the heart.

51
Q

Bilirubin

A

Bilirubin circulates in the bloodstream in two forms:
-Indirect (or unconjugated) bilirubin. This form of bilirubin does not dissolve in water (it
is insoluble). Indirect bilirubin travels through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is
changed into a soluble form (direct or conjugated). *Normally, bilirubin (a product of the
breakdown of unusable red blood cells) is carried in bile to the small intestine and
removed. If the liver cannot excrete bilirubin into bile or if bile flow is obstructed, bilirubin
accumulates in the blood and is deposited in the skin. This leads to the yellow
discoloration of the skin and sclera of jaundice (seen in sclera first)
-Direct (or conjugated) bilirubin. Direct bilirubin dissolves in water (it is soluble) and is
made by the liver from indirect bilirubin.

52
Q

Bile

A

a complex fluid containing water, electrolytes and a battery of organic molecules
including bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin that flows through the biliary tract into
the small intestine. Bile salts are made in your liver. When you eat a meal, especially if it has fat
in it, these bile salts are released from your liver and gall bladder into your upper intestine
(duodenum). They help to digest the food as it travels through your small bowel. When the bile
salts reach the far end of your small bowel, they are mostly absorbed back into your body and
travel back in the blood stream to your liver. They are stored here until they are needed for the
next meal.

53
Q

HEPATITIS

A

INFLAMMATION of LIVER. Caused by viruses, alcohol, etc
-HEP A (FECAL ORAL ROUTE) (HAS VACCINE)
-HEP B (BLOOD and bodily fluids) (HAS VACCINE)
-HEP C (BLOOD) (NO VACCINE)

54
Q

Gallbladder

A

-Stores bile

55
Q

Cholecystitis

A

-Inflammation of the gallbladder

56
Q

Liver Failure

A

-Skin disorders (Jaundice, red palms, spider nevi)
-Hepatorenal Syndrome (Azotemia, increased plasma creatinine, oliguria)
-Hepatic encephalopathy (asterixis, confusion, coma, convulsions
-Hematologic disorders (Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation defects, leukopenia

57
Q

PANCREAS

A

plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells.
The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and
an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

58
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas that occurs when pancreatic enzyme secretions build
up and begin to digest the organ itself. It can occur as acute painful attacks lasting a matter of
days, or it may be a chronic condition that progresses over a period of years.

59
Q

kwashiorker

A

protein deficiency coupled with a high-carb diet

60
Q

Marasmus

A

A deficiency in both calories and proteins

NURSING STUFF HEHEHEHEHAHAAHAHHAAH (9 decks)

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