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Semester 1 > Patho Exam 4 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the the complement cascade?

A

May destroy pathogens directly or collaborate with other components of the inflammatory response.

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2
Q

3 pathways of the complement cascade

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Lectin Pathway
  3. Alternative pathway
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3
Q

How is the classical pathway activated

A

Activated by proteins of the adaptive immune system (antibodies) bound to their specific targets (antigen)

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4
Q

How is the lectin pathway activated

A

By mannose-containing bacterial carbohydrates

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5
Q

How is the alternative pathway activated?

A

By gram-negative bacterial and fungal wall polysaccharides

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6
Q

What is MBL

A

Mannose Binding Lectin which is similar to C1q

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7
Q

What are MASP-1 and MASP-2?

A

Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) Associated Serine Proteases. Similar to C1r and C1s.

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8
Q

Effect of C2b

A

Acts on smooth muscle causing vasodilation and vascular permeability

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9
Q

What is the effect produced by C3a, C4a and C5a?

A

They are anaphylatoxins - they induce rapid mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine causing vasodilation and vascular permeability.

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10
Q

What is the major chemotactic factor for neutrophils?

A

C5a

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11
Q

What is a chemotactic factor?

A

A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

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12
Q

Anaphylatoxins are early or late in the immune response?

A

Early and close to the inflammatory site to induce local mast cell degranulation.

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13
Q

Is chemotactic activity early or late in the inflammatory response?

A

Later on and remains for a much longer period than anaphylatoxins. It occurs distal and attracts leukocytes from the circulation and limits the spread of anaphylatoxin activity

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14
Q

What are the 3 plasma protein systems?

A
  1. The complement system
  2. The clotting system
  3. The kinin system
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15
Q

What does carboxypeptidase do?

A

Removes a terminal arginine on C3a and C5a producing C3a desArg and C5a desArg. Both are inactive as anaphylatoxin a but remain active as chemotactic agents

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16
Q

What is an Opsonin?

A

Molecules that “tag” microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

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17
Q

Which part of the complement system is an Opsonin?

A

C3b

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18
Q

What is the end result of the complement cascade?

A

Cell lysis

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19
Q

What are the 4 functions of the clotting cascade?

A
  1. Prevent the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
  2. Trap microorganisms and foreign bodies at the inflammatory site for removal by neutrophils and macrophages
  3. Form a clot to stop bleeding
  4. Provide a framework for future repair and healing
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20
Q

What substances can activate the clotting cascade?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Proteinases
  3. Kallikrein
  4. Plasmin
  5. Bacterial endotoxins
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21
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the clotting system?

A
  1. Tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway

2. Contact activation (intrinsic) pathway

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22
Q

What activated the tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway?

A

Activated by TF aka (thromboplastin) that is released by damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels and reacts with activated factor VII

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23
Q

What activated the contact activation (intrinsic) clotting pathway?

A

Activated when the vessel wall is damaged and Hageman factor (factor XII) in plasma contacts negatively charged subendorhelial substances.

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24
Q

Where do both clotting pathways converge?

A

On factor X which when activated begins a pathway leading to activation of fibrin to form a clot.

25
Q

In what ways does bradykinin augment inflammation?

A
  1. Dilation of the blood vessels
  2. Acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and cause pain
  3. Smooth muscle contraction
  4. Increase vascular permeability
  5. Increase leukocyte chemotaxis
26
Q

Describe the plasma kinin cascade

A
  1. The conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by prekallikrein activator
  2. Kallikrein converts kininogen into bradykinin.
27
Q

Activator of Hageman factor (factor XII) has what 4 effects on all of the plasma protein systems.

A
  1. Activation of the clotting cascade through factor XII
  2. Control of clotting through the production of plasmin
  3. Activation of the kinin system
  4. Activation of the C1 cascade
28
Q

3 types of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
29
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
30
Q

Monocytes are the precursor for?

A

Macrophages

31
Q

The majority of cytokines are defined as?

A

Interleukins or interferons

32
Q

Definition of interleukins

A

Biochemical messengers produced predominantly by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to their recognition of a microorganism or stimulation by other products of inflammation

33
Q

What are the two major proinflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1 and iL-6

34
Q

What are the 2 most important anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-10 and TGF-B (transforming growth factor beta)

35
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

Primarily to prevent viruses from infecting healthy cells.

36
Q

Interferons are produced where?

A

In virally infected cells.

37
Q

Inhibition of cytokines will inhibit what

A

IL-1, 2, 6, and TNF-a

38
Q

Define Allergy

A

Deleterious effects of exogenous (environmental) antigens.

39
Q

Define Autoimmunity

A

Disturbance in immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

40
Q

Define alloimmunity

A

Immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against another individual

41
Q

FCER-1 hypersensitivity gene

A

If inherited from the mother it causes a much larger reaction than if from the father

42
Q

Neutrophils, Monocytes and Macrophages do what

A

Phagocytise bacteria and cellular debris

43
Q

Eosinophils act directly against what

A

Parasites

44
Q

Basophills do what

A

Act similarly to Mast cells

45
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors (PRR’s) do

A

Recognize molecular patters on the surface of infectious antigens

46
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of PRR’s ?

A
  • Toll -like receptors
  • Complement Receptors
  • Scavenger receptors
47
Q

Chemotactic factors released by mast cells attract what?

A

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

48
Q

Leukotrines are also known as what anf what do they do

A
  • AKA Slow Releasing Substances of Anaphylaxis (SRSA)

- Produce effects similar to histamine but much slower

49
Q

Function of prostaglandins

A
  • Increase vascular permeability
  • Increase neutrophil chemotaxis
  • Suppress release of histamines and lysosomal enzymens
  • Increase the pain response
50
Q

Function of platelet-activating factor

A
  • Increase vascular permeability
  • Causes leukocyte adhesion
  • Activates platelet process
51
Q

What is the effect of atherosclerosis on NO

A

It covers the inside of the endothelial cell and it then cannot release NO

52
Q

What effects does NO have?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Suppress mast cell function
  • Decrease platelet adhesion and aggregation
53
Q

How does IgE attack a parasite?

A

Parasites elicit an allergic response. This binds IgE which activates mast cells. Mast Cells degranulate, releasing cytotaxtic ECF-A which attracts eosinophils. Eosinophils release caustic proteins on the paratite surface

54
Q

What is a lymphoine

A

In interleukin produced by T cells

55
Q

Example of a chemokine

A

IL8

56
Q

Function of Interferon Alpha and Beta

A

If the cell is infected then it has no effect. If it is uninfected it caused the cell to produce antiviral proteins

57
Q

Interferon is released in response to what

A

Secreted by virally infected cells in response to double stranded Viral DNA

58
Q

Function of Interferon Gamma

A

Stimulates T and B cells to respond against the viral antigen

Semester 1 (15 decks)

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