Patho Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Larger cells with organelles and a nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Smaller, simpler cells without organelles or a nucleus

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus. Main function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

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4
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes. Responsible for much of the cells protein synthesis and folding

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5
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes. Involved with steroid synthesis required to remove toxins from the cell

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processing and packaging of proteins from ER for transport

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestive enzymes produced in the Golgi Complex.

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8
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

Merge with vacuoles

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9
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

Pump H+ into interior to maintain acidic pH, activate hydrolytic enzymes

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10
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. Detoxify waste and degrade long-chain fatty acids.

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organells responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Catabolism- releases energy from large molecule breakdown. Anabolism- uses energy to synthesize glycogen, proteins and lipids

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12
Q

Vaults

A

Octagonal organells thought to act simmilarly to ribosomes in transporting RNA

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13
Q

Glycolosis

A

Splitting of glucose. Produces a net of 2 moulecules of ATP per Glucose melecule split through Oxidation

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14
Q

Oxidative Phosphorilization DEF

A

Occurs in the mitochondrion. Is the mechanism by which energy from carbs, fats and proteins is transferred into ATP

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15
Q

Cori Cycle

A

lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

ovement.Maintains cell shape and org. Permits

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

Provide strength, involved in cellular division, faclitate conduction of AP’s

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18
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

controls composition of the compartment, allows lipid-soluble molecules to diffuse through the membrane, provides structural integrity

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19
Q

3 methods of Chemical Signaling

A
  1. Form Gap Junctions
  2. Display plasma membrane-bound signaling receptors
  3. Secrete chemicals that signal cells
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20
Q

Hormonal Signaling

A

Hormones travel to target cell through blood or lymph

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21
Q

Neurohormonal signaling

A

Hormones released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons

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22
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Chemical mediators secreted, act on near-by cells

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23
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

Signaling molecules act back on the cell origin

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24
Q

Extracellular messengers

A

Convey instructions to the cell’s interior (transfer, amplify, distribute and modulate)

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25
Q

First Messenger

A

Ligand bonds to receptor on the plasma membrane

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26
Q

emical deformation of the channel

A
  1. Binding of ligand to membrane receptor, 2. Changes in electrical current in plasma membrane, 3.
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27
Q

Second Messengers

A

FM binds to receptors, –>triggers production of 2nd messenger –> Uses G Protein (could also be cAMP or Ca2+)

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28
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 1

A

Digestion

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29
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 2

A

(anerobic) Glycolosis –> pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

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30
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 3

A
  1. (aerobic) Citric Acid Cycle –>NADH and FADH2 2. Oxidative Phosphorilization –> ATP and H20
31
Q

Glycolosis Pathway

A

Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 APD + Pi –> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH and 2 ATP

32
Q

Krebs Cycle Products

A

1 GTP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 then NADH and FADH2 –> electron transport cycle

33
Q

Oxidative Phosphorilation FUNC.

A

ETC pulls electron pairs for NADH and FADH2 ADP + Pi –> ATP and O2 + 4e + 4H –> 2 H2O

34
Q

Direct Phosphorylation net ATP

A

2 ATP

35
Q

Oxidative Phosphoylation net ATP

A

26 ATP (2.5 from each NADH and 1.5 from each FADH2)

36
Q

Cell Membrane is Selectivly Permeable to

A
  1. Non-polar molecules (O2) 2. Lipid Soluble molecules 3. Small suluble covalent bonds (CO2) 4. H20
37
Q

Cell Membrane is Impermeable to

A
  1. Large polar molecules 2. Charged Ions
38
Q

Passive Transport (diffusion) depends on

A
  1. Magnitude of concentration gradient 2. Electrical potential across the membrane 3. Permeability of the membrane 4. Temperature 5. Surface area of the membrane.
39
Q

Plasma Osmolality

A

280-294 mOsm/ kg

40
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal tension to plasma –> RBC’s will not +/- H20

41
Q

Hypotonic

A

Osmotically active solutes in a lower osmolality than cell –> RBC’s will hemolyse

42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Osmotically active solutes in a higher osmolality than cell –> RBC’s will crenate

43
Q

Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport carriers

A
  1. Specificity 2. Competition 3. Saturation 4. Ehibit Tm
44
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP directly required for the function of the carriers

45
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Energy needed in some part of the transport process.

46
Q

Endocytosis

A

Invagination of the cell membrane to bring substances into the cell

47
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Continuall ingestion of fluids, often used interchangably with endocytosis

48
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Large molecules are engulfed so that they can by destroyed by Lysosomes

49
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

All cells are electically polarized (inside more - than outside)

50
Q

Permeability of the cell membrane

A

a. 80% electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+ b. 20% Na+/K+ ATPase pump

51
Q

Excitability/ Irritability

A

Ability to produce and conduct electrical impulses

52
Q

K Resting Potential Intracellular

A

150 mEq/L

53
Q

K Resting Potential Extracellular

A

5 mEq/ L

54
Q

Na Resting Potential Intracellular

A

14 mEq/L

55
Q

Na Resting Potential Extracellular

A

140 mEq/L

56
Q

Threshold

A

when depolarization reaches the threshold an AP occurs

57
Q

Depolarization

A

Voltage Gated Na channels open –> +feedback loop

58
Q

Repolarization

A

Voltage Gated K+ channels Open –> -Feedback loop –> return to resting AP

59
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

More Negative than resting membrane potential

60
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Incapable of producing another AP

61
Q

Relative Refractory period

A

can produce another AP but requires a stronger stimulus

62
Q

Cable Properties

A

Ability of a neuron to transmit a charge through the cytoplasm

63
Q

Unmyelinated neuron

A

depolarizes adjacent membrane propagating the AP. SLOW CONDUCTION RATE

64
Q

Myelinated neuron

A

prevents movement of Na and K through the membrane. Nodes of Ranvier contain VG Na and K channels FAST CONDUCTION

65
Q

G0 Phase

A

Normal cellular function, resting cell

66
Q

G1 Phase

A

Period between M phase and start of DNA Synthesis, Increased protein synthesis

67
Q

S Phase

A

DND replication occurs

68
Q

G2 Phase

A

Rapid cellular growth

69
Q

Prophase

A

DNA replicates, condensed to chromosomes Nuclear membrane disapears, spindle fibres form at opposite ends

70
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome pairs line up at midline of cell and attach to miotic spindle

71
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles, 92 nchromosomes in the cell

72
Q

Telophase

A

New nuclear membrane formed around each group of 46 chromosomes

73
Q

Cytokines

A

Cytoplasm separates into equal parts, 2 daughter cells form