Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 1 > Patho Chap 1 > Flashcards

Patho Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Larger cells with organelles and a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Smaller, simpler cells without organelles or a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus. Main function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes. Responsible for much of the cells protein synthesis and folding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes. Involved with steroid synthesis required to remove toxins from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processing and packaging of proteins from ER for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestive enzymes produced in the Golgi Complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

Merge with vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

Pump H+ into interior to maintain acidic pH, activate hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. Detoxify waste and degrade long-chain fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organells responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Catabolism- releases energy from large molecule breakdown. Anabolism- uses energy to synthesize glycogen, proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vaults

A

Octagonal organells thought to act simmilarly to ribosomes in transporting RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glycolosis

A

Splitting of glucose. Produces a net of 2 moulecules of ATP per Glucose melecule split through Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oxidative Phosphorilization DEF

A

Occurs in the mitochondrion. Is the mechanism by which energy from carbs, fats and proteins is transferred into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cori Cycle

A

lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

ovement.Maintains cell shape and org. Permits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microtubules

A

Provide strength, involved in cellular division, faclitate conduction of AP’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

controls composition of the compartment, allows lipid-soluble molecules to diffuse through the membrane, provides structural integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 methods of Chemical Signaling

A
  1. Form Gap Junctions
  2. Display plasma membrane-bound signaling receptors
  3. Secrete chemicals that signal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hormonal Signaling

A

Hormones travel to target cell through blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neurohormonal signaling

A

Hormones released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Chemical mediators secreted, act on near-by cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

Signaling molecules act back on the cell origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Extracellular messengers

A

Convey instructions to the cell’s interior (transfer, amplify, distribute and modulate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

First Messenger

A

Ligand bonds to receptor on the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

emical deformation of the channel

A
  1. Binding of ligand to membrane receptor, 2. Changes in electrical current in plasma membrane, 3.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Second Messengers

A

FM binds to receptors, –>triggers production of 2nd messenger –> Uses G Protein (could also be cAMP or Ca2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 1

A

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 2

A

(anerobic) Glycolosis –> pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cellular Respiration Phase 3

A
  1. (aerobic) Citric Acid Cycle –>NADH and FADH2 2. Oxidative Phosphorilization –> ATP and H20
31
Q

Glycolosis Pathway

A

Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 APD + Pi –> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH and 2 ATP

32
Q

Krebs Cycle Products

A

1 GTP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 then NADH and FADH2 –> electron transport cycle

33
Q

Oxidative Phosphorilation FUNC.

A

ETC pulls electron pairs for NADH and FADH2 ADP + Pi –> ATP and O2 + 4e + 4H –> 2 H2O

34
Q

Direct Phosphorylation net ATP

35
Q

Oxidative Phosphoylation net ATP

A

26 ATP (2.5 from each NADH and 1.5 from each FADH2)

36
Q

Cell Membrane is Selectivly Permeable to

A
  1. Non-polar molecules (O2) 2. Lipid Soluble molecules 3. Small suluble covalent bonds (CO2) 4. H20
37
Q

Cell Membrane is Impermeable to

A
  1. Large polar molecules 2. Charged Ions
38
Q

Passive Transport (diffusion) depends on

A
  1. Magnitude of concentration gradient 2. Electrical potential across the membrane 3. Permeability of the membrane 4. Temperature 5. Surface area of the membrane.
39
Q

Plasma Osmolality

A

280-294 mOsm/ kg

40
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal tension to plasma –> RBC’s will not +/- H20

41
Q

Hypotonic

A

Osmotically active solutes in a lower osmolality than cell –> RBC’s will hemolyse

42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Osmotically active solutes in a higher osmolality than cell –> RBC’s will crenate

43
Q

Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport carriers

A
  1. Specificity 2. Competition 3. Saturation 4. Ehibit Tm
44
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP directly required for the function of the carriers

45
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Energy needed in some part of the transport process.

46
Q

Endocytosis

A

Invagination of the cell membrane to bring substances into the cell

47
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Continuall ingestion of fluids, often used interchangably with endocytosis

48
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Large molecules are engulfed so that they can by destroyed by Lysosomes

49
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

All cells are electically polarized (inside more - than outside)

50
Q

Permeability of the cell membrane

A

a. 80% electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+ b. 20% Na+/K+ ATPase pump

51
Q

Excitability/ Irritability

A

Ability to produce and conduct electrical impulses

52
Q

K Resting Potential Intracellular

53
Q

K Resting Potential Extracellular

54
Q

Na Resting Potential Intracellular

55
Q

Na Resting Potential Extracellular

56
Q

Threshold

A

when depolarization reaches the threshold an AP occurs

57
Q

Depolarization

A

Voltage Gated Na channels open –> +feedback loop

58
Q

Repolarization

A

Voltage Gated K+ channels Open –> -Feedback loop –> return to resting AP

59
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

More Negative than resting membrane potential

60
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Incapable of producing another AP

61
Q

Relative Refractory period

A

can produce another AP but requires a stronger stimulus

62
Q

Cable Properties

A

Ability of a neuron to transmit a charge through the cytoplasm

63
Q

Unmyelinated neuron

A

depolarizes adjacent membrane propagating the AP. SLOW CONDUCTION RATE

64
Q

Myelinated neuron

A

prevents movement of Na and K through the membrane. Nodes of Ranvier contain VG Na and K channels FAST CONDUCTION

65
Q

G0 Phase

A

Normal cellular function, resting cell

66
Q

G1 Phase

A

Period between M phase and start of DNA Synthesis, Increased protein synthesis

67
Q

S Phase

A

DND replication occurs

68
Q

G2 Phase

A

Rapid cellular growth

69
Q

Prophase

A

DNA replicates, condensed to chromosomes Nuclear membrane disapears, spindle fibres form at opposite ends

70
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome pairs line up at midline of cell and attach to miotic spindle

71
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles, 92 nchromosomes in the cell

72
Q

Telophase

A

New nuclear membrane formed around each group of 46 chromosomes

73
Q

Cytokines

A

Cytoplasm separates into equal parts, 2 daughter cells form

Semester 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions