Patho Chap 1 Flashcards
Prokaryote
Larger cells with organelles and a nucleus
Eukaryote
Smaller, simpler cells without organelles or a nucleus
Ribosomes
RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus. Main function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes. Responsible for much of the cells protein synthesis and folding
Smooth ER
No ribosomes. Involved with steroid synthesis required to remove toxins from the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Processing and packaging of proteins from ER for transport
Lysosomes
Intracellular digestive enzymes produced in the Golgi Complex.
Primary Lysosomes
Merge with vacuoles
Secondary Lysosomes
Pump H+ into interior to maintain acidic pH, activate hydrolytic enzymes
Peroxisomes
Membrane bound organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. Detoxify waste and degrade long-chain fatty acids.
Mitochondria
Organells responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Catabolism- releases energy from large molecule breakdown. Anabolism- uses energy to synthesize glycogen, proteins and lipids
Vaults
Octagonal organells thought to act simmilarly to ribosomes in transporting RNA
Glycolosis
Splitting of glucose. Produces a net of 2 moulecules of ATP per Glucose melecule split through Oxidation
Oxidative Phosphorilization DEF
Occurs in the mitochondrion. Is the mechanism by which energy from carbs, fats and proteins is transferred into ATP
Cori Cycle
lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate
Cytoskeleton
ovement.Maintains cell shape and org. Permits
Microtubules
Provide strength, involved in cellular division, faclitate conduction of AP’s
Plasma Membrane
controls composition of the compartment, allows lipid-soluble molecules to diffuse through the membrane, provides structural integrity
3 methods of Chemical Signaling
- Form Gap Junctions
- Display plasma membrane-bound signaling receptors
- Secrete chemicals that signal cells
Hormonal Signaling
Hormones travel to target cell through blood or lymph
Neurohormonal signaling
Hormones released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons
Paracrine Signaling
Chemical mediators secreted, act on near-by cells
Autocrine Signaling
Signaling molecules act back on the cell origin
Extracellular messengers
Convey instructions to the cell’s interior (transfer, amplify, distribute and modulate)
First Messenger
Ligand bonds to receptor on the plasma membrane
emical deformation of the channel
- Binding of ligand to membrane receptor, 2. Changes in electrical current in plasma membrane, 3.
Second Messengers
FM binds to receptors, –>triggers production of 2nd messenger –> Uses G Protein (could also be cAMP or Ca2+)
Cellular Respiration Phase 1
Digestion
Cellular Respiration Phase 2
(anerobic) Glycolosis –> pyruvic acid (pyruvate)