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Patho Exam 1 > Patho CH 5: Infection > Flashcards

Patho CH 5: Infection Flashcards

1
Q

A state of cellular, tissue, and organ destruction resulting from invasion by microorganisms

A

infection

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2
Q

With infection, harmful microorganisms have penetrated

A

3 lines of defense

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3
Q

multi-drug resistant microbes formed from

A

overuse or incomplete use of antimicrobial drugs

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4
Q

pathogens mechanisms for causing disease

A

-Direct destruction of host cell by pathogen
-Interference with host cell’s metabolic function
-Exposing host cell to toxins produced by pathogen

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5
Q

potential disease causing capacity of pathogens

A

pathogenicity

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6
Q

factors affecting pathogenicity

A

Antigenic variability
Pathogenic defense mechanisms
Coinfection
Superinfection
Virulence
Infectivity
Toxigenicity
Antigenicity

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7
Q

microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas, such as the skin, mucous membranes, bowel, rectum, or vagina, without causing harm.

A

Resident flora

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8
Q

potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared with the number of people exposed to the microorganism.

A

Virulence

A more virulent microorganism is one that causes severe disease in a large proportion of those exposed to the microorganism.

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9
Q

proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogen’s ability to enter, survive in, and multiply in the host.

A

Infectivity

A more infective organism is one that takes one exposure, takes hold, multiplies, and causes disease in the host.

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10
Q

ability of the pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage

A

Toxigenicity

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11
Q

level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign.

A

Antigenicity
Those with low antigenicity can readily elude immune mechanisms and continue to survive in the host.

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12
Q

process of eluding the human host defenses and is often a result of altering the antigens present within or on the surface of the microorganism.

A

Antigenic variability

This means that many infectious microorganisms can escape human host defenses through slight genetic variations unrecognized by the host.

These mutations are responsible for much of the infectious disease burden throughout the world.

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13
Q

simultaneous occurrence of hosting two or more pathogens

A

Coinfection
Certain pathogens, such as those that cause chlamydia and gonorrhea, are more likely to be transmitted and to coexist in the host. Coinfection presents a greater challenge to the immune system.

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14
Q

an infection that arises in addition to one that is already present

A

Superinfection
Superinfection often results from compromised host defenses and over proliferation of resident flora.

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15
Q

Obligate parasite

A

require host for metabolism and reproduction

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16
Q

Facultative parasites

A

may live on host but can survive independently

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17
Q

bacteria

A

single celled microorgansims

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18
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

require oxygen for growth

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19
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

do not require oxygen

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20
Q

“match drug with the bug”

A

treat specific bacteria without harming host cell

cultures

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21
Q

stain turns purple
ex:

A

gram postive
ex: staph, pneumonia, C.diff

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22
Q

stain turns red
ex:

A

gram negative
ex: gonorrhoea, H.pylori, E. coli

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23
Q

Bacteria can survive outside the human host and can infect and reinfect if not destroyed.

A

Independent survival

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24
Q

Bacteria stimulate an inflammatory and immune response that will destroy surrounding host tissues in an effort to rid the body of the invader.

A

Stimulation of inflammatory response

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25
Q

Encapsulated bacteria are adherent and highly resistant to phagocytosis.

A

Bacterial capsule

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26
Q

The presence in the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall activates the plasma protein systems.
inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response

A

Endotoxin

This in turn can result in a state of septic shock accompanied by severe diarrhea, fever, and leukocytosis.

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27
Q

survive in a latent state and are resilient to environmental extremes and lack of nutrients.

A

endospores

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28
Q

released into the surrounding tissues that cause local or systemic injury to the host

A

exotoxins

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29
Q

cannot replicate outside of host cell

A

virus

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30
Q

chronic viral infections are caused by

A

acute infection not provoking a strong immune response

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31
Q

chronic viral infection promoted by these 4 host factors

A
  1. The size of the virus that is inoculated into the body
  2. The process of viral replication
  3. The viral genotype
  4. Host susceptibility
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32
Q

dormant

A

latency

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33
Q

Phases of life cycle chlamydiae

A
  1. The metabolically inactive elementary body enters the body, attaches to, and internalizes the host cell.
  2. The elementary body becomes metabolically active and transforms into a reticulate body, which takes over the host cell.
  3. The chlamydiae are then capable of replication.
  4. Each replicated pathogen goes through the life cycle, causing epithelial cell necrosis.
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34
Q

both bacteria and virus

A

Rickets and Chlamydia

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35
Q

unicellular fungi

A

yeasts

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36
Q

multicellular fungi

A

molds

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37
Q

cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system.

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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38
Q

softening and breaking down of tissues

A

maceration

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39
Q

lesions are white and resemble cottage cheese attached to an erythematous oral cavity; these lesions bleed easily and can be painful if scraped

A

In oral candidiasis

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40
Q

irregular and changing shape without a cell wall

A

protozoa

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41
Q

transmission of protozoa

A

sexual contact
contamination
insect

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42
Q

infection that are spread from person to person
often through blood

A

communicable disease

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43
Q

infectious agent possibilities

A

bacteria
fungi
virus
rickettsiae
protozoa

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44
Q

reservoir possibilities

A

people
equipment
water

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45
Q

portal of exit possibilities

A

excretions
secretions
skin
droplets

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46
Q

means of transmission

A

direct contact
ingestion
fomites
airborne

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47
Q

portal of entry posibillities

A

mucous membranes
GI
GU
respiratory tract
broken skin

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48
Q

susceptible hosts posibillities

A

immunosupressed
diabetes
surgery
burns
elderly

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49
Q

holding tank

A

reservoir

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50
Q

passage for microorganism to leave reservoir

A

portal of exit

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51
Q

mechanism of transference from the reservoir to the portal of entry

A

mode of transmission

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52
Q

As a mode of transmission, ___ implies physically touching or otherwise coming in contact with the reservoir.
Ex:

A

Direct contact
Examples: touching the blood or body fluids of an infected person, kissing, or sexual intercourse. This mode can also involve close contact by touching another person or a surface in the environment that is holding the pathogen.

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53
Q

Larger respiratory particles, produced by sneezing, coughing, or talking, can pass through the air from the reservoir to the host.

A

Droplet transmission
For droplet transmission to occur, generally the host must be within 3 feet of the reservoir. The heavy droplet particles usually drop to the ground beyond this distance. Most respiratory illnesses are spread through droplet transmission.

54
Q

Smaller respiratory particles can remain suspended in the air and are subject to:

A

Airborne transmission
The particles can remain in the area of the reservoir for an extended period. Infection can be transmitted to a person who enters this area and breathes the air. Tuberculosis (TB) and varicella (chicken pox) are examples of respiratory diseases spread through airborne transmission.

55
Q

vehicle that harbors the pathogen and carries it to the host.

A

vector

56
Q

access point for microoraganism into the host
Ex:

A

portal of entry
EX: mucous membranes, eyes, RT, GU, GI, placenta

57
Q

phases of acute infection and meaning

A
  1. Exposure: Exposure is contact with the pathogen through any of the modes of transmission.
  2. Incubation: The incubation phase extends from exposure to the onset of any signs or symptoms. During the incubation period, the individual often has no idea that they have been exposed to, or will develop, the illness. With communicable disease, it is often during this incubation period that transmission of microorganisms to others is greatest. For example, chickenpox has an incubation period of 7 to 21 days from exposure to recognizable signs and symptoms.
  3. Prodrome: The prodrome phase involves the onset of vague, nonspecific signs and symptoms, including fatigue, low-grade fever, nausea, weakness, and generalized muscle aches. This phase is often described as feeling “under the weather.” The specific signs and symptoms related to the disease have not yet emerged.
  4. Clinical illness: The clinical illness phase represents the signs and symptoms specific to the disease. Often, the accurate medical diagnosis is applied more confidently during this time. In many cases, the immune response peaks or treatment is initiated and the body is able to overcome the pathogen.
  5. Convalescence: The convalescence phase extends from waning clinical manifestations to full recovery from the disease. Fatigue is a common concern during this time of recovery.
58
Q

acute infection clinical manifestations

local and systemic

A

local infection is usually manifested by
pain
heat
redness
swelling
lymph node enlargement and tenderness
site-dependent loss of function
purulent

Systemic manifestations include
fever
malaise
weakness
anorexia
headache
nausea.

59
Q

labs to detect infection and why

A

WBC = leukocytosis (increase) and leukopenia (decrease)
serum antibodies = antibodies indicate antigen
cultures = positive = microorganism
sensitivities = find treatment

60
Q

infection treatment drug and MOA

A

antimicrobials
destroy pathogens or decrease microorganism growth

61
Q

influenza transmission

A

respiratory droplets

62
Q

influenza pathophysiology

A

-infected epithelial necrosis
-viral
-Reassortment: gradual change in genetic composition during replication in human host

63
Q

influenza CM

A

Fever
Body aches
Weakness
Malaise
Cough
Sore throat
Nasal congestion/drainage
Shortness of breath
Chills

64
Q

Influenza diagnostic criteria

A

H&P
abrupt onset, severe body aches, fever,
anorexia, headache, malaise, and a dry cough.
rapid viral assays

65
Q

Influenza treatment

A

-prevention
-systomatic care - hydration, pain
-antiviral drugs - reduce duration

66
Q

viral hepatitis transmission

A

fecal-oral
direct contact with blood/body fluids

67
Q

viral hepatitis patho

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the liver caused by infection with one or more hepatitis viruses

68
Q

chronic hepatitis types

A

B,C,D

69
Q

vaccine for hepatitis types

A

A,B

70
Q

Major roles of the liver

A

Bile secretion
Bilirubin metabolism
Blood storage
Clotting factor synthesis
Nutrient metabolism
Metabolic detoxification
Mineral and vitamin storage

71
Q

responsible for bile secretion

A

hepatocytes

72
Q

function of bile

A

fat emulsification and absorption

73
Q

Nursing consideration for administering meds to liver disease patient

A

meds metabolize in the liver and can circulate at high levels too long

74
Q

bilirubin accumulation

A

jaundice

75
Q

liver disease marked by jaundice

A

icterus

76
Q

viral hep CM

A

fatigue
anorexia
low grade fever
clay stool
dark urine
yellow sclera

77
Q

viral hepatitis DC

A

H and P
viral antibody test!!!!!
Labs (urine bili, serum bili, clotting time)

78
Q

Viral hep treatment

A

prevention
symptomatic care
antiviral drugs
low fat diet

79
Q

TB patho

A

most prevalent and deadly infectious disease worldwide
human only reservoir
lungs primary site of infection

80
Q

TB cause

A

M. tuberculosis

81
Q

TB transmission

A

airborne droplets
very small and gets through barriers

82
Q

TB CM

A

90% of those infected are asymptomatic
In 10% with progressive primary disease:
Malaise
Weight loss
Fatigue
Anorexia
Low-grade fever
Night sweats
Severe chronic productive cough with hemoptysis (bloody sputum)
Site-specific

83
Q

contaminent through an effective cellular immune response

A

asymptomatic primary TB

84
Q

multiplication and development of aggressive, symptomatic disease

A

progressive primary TB

85
Q

latency with future multiplication or reinfection leading to aggressive, symptomatic disease

A

secondary TB

86
Q

TB DC

A

Tuberculin skin tests
Chest radiograph (Ghon complex)
Sputum culture
Sputum nucleic acid amplification

87
Q

TB treatment

A

Vaccinations
Transmission prevention
Isolation in private room
Negative air pressure
Droplet precautions (masks, respirators)
Antimicrobials
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol or streptomycin
Directly observed therapy (watch take medicine)
BCG vaccine

88
Q

UTI patho

A

ascending infection of urinary tract
cell necrosis

89
Q

UTI cause

A

E.coli

90
Q

UTI CM

A

Dysuria
Urgency
Frequency
Hematuria
Cloudy (purulent) urine

91
Q

UTI DC

A

History and physical examination
Urinalysis and urine culture (increased WBC, hematuria)
Leukocyte esterase dip test (pus in urine)

92
Q

UTI treatment

A

antibiotic drugs
increased fluid intake

93
Q

acute pyelonephritis patho

A

bacterial infection of kidneys (e.coli)

94
Q

acute pyelonephritis risk factors

A

Urinary obstruction (renal calculi)
Incomplete bladder emptying, causing urine stagnation
Frequent intercourse, irritating urethra
Exposure to sexually transmitted infections
Hormonal changes, reducing ureteral peristalsis

95
Q

acute pyelonephritis CM

A

Fever
Costovertebral angle pain
Nausea or vomiting
Dysuria
Urinary frequency, hesitancy, or urgency
Lower abdominal pain
Blood in urine

96
Q

acute pyelonephritis DC

A

Presence of symptoms
Urinalysis and microscopic evaluation
Urine culture
Imaging studies

97
Q

AP treatment

A

Intravenous fluids
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Surgery (remove obstruction)

98
Q

bacterial meningitis patho

A

inflammation of meninges of the brain and spinal cord
Bacteria proliferate in CNS
Exudate damages and obstructs CNS structures, leading to reduced oxygen to the brain

99
Q

BM cause

A

N. meningitidis

100
Q

BM transmission

A

respiratory droplet

101
Q

main functions of the meninges

A
  1. Protect the brain and spinal cord from injury
  2. Provide blood supply to the skull and brain tissue
  3. Allow for the flow of cerebral spinal fluid
102
Q

BM CM

A

Rapid and severe onset
Severe headache
Photophobia
Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck)
Decreased alertness
Loss of consciousness
Changes in mental status
Vomiting
Seizures
Fever
Leukocytosis
Anorexia

103
Q

BM DC

A

History and physical examination
Kernig sign - pain with knee pulled to chest and chin
to chest
Brudzinski sign - knees involuntarily flex when
neck flexed
Blood cultures
CSF analysis and cultures

104
Q

treatment fo BM

A

Vaccination
Antibiotics
Corticosteroids - inflammation
Fluids
Treatment of close contacts

105
Q

Tinea patho

A

Group of fungal infections
Dermatophyte attaches to and produces thickening of keratinized cells

106
Q

tinea transmission

A

direct contact

107
Q

tinea: ”ringworm”

A

Corporis (body)

108
Q

tinea: hypopigmentation

A

Versicolor (skin)

109
Q

tinea: hair loss/breakage

A

Capitis (scalp)

110
Q

tinea: maceration between and around toes

A

Pedis (feet)

111
Q

tinea: erythema, itching

A

Cruris (groin)

112
Q

tinea: nail thickening, discoloration

A

Unguium (nails)

113
Q

tinea DC

A

History and physical examination
Microscopic examination
Fungal cultures
Wood light examination - UV light shows glowing

114
Q

tinea treatment

A

Prevention
Proper hygiene
Avoidance of contact with those infected
Antifungal drugs (topical and oral)

115
Q

malaria patho

A

Transmitted by mosquito
Incubation period of 1 month from exposure
Currently eradicated in United States
Worldwide, >1 million deaths per year
Common in children from sub-Saharan Africa

116
Q

malaria cause

A

infection with Plasmodium protozoa

117
Q

malaria CM

A

Headache
Shivering and chills
High fever!!!!
Excessive sweating
Cough
Fatigue
Malaise
Joint/muscle aching

118
Q

malaria DC

A

History of travel to an endemic area
Physical examination
Laboratory testing
Peripheral blood smears

119
Q

malaria treatment

A

Prevention
Avoiding mosquitoes
Using a bed net during sleep
Wearing long-sleeve clothing
Using insect repellants (with DEET)
Antimalarial drugs
(Quinolines
Antifolates
Artemisinins
Antimicrobials)
Antipyretics

multiple drugs must be used - no single drug works

120
Q

prescense of microorganisms in blood
severse blood infection

A

septicemia

121
Q

septicemia occurs when infection enters from

A

skin
lungs
kidneys
bladder

122
Q

septicemia first sign

A

delirium

123
Q

sepsis caused by

A

septicemia

124
Q

sepsis causes

A

inflammation through body

125
Q

inflammation from sepsis causes

A

blood clots blocking oxygen

126
Q

common infections leading to septicemia

A

UTI
lung infections
kidney infections
abdominal infections

127
Q

disorders of synthesis and storage functions from liver failure

A

glucose
proteins
lipoprotein cholesterol
bile salts

128
Q

hepatitis A transmission

A

fecal-oral

129
Q

hepatitis B transmission

A

infected blood or bodily fluid

130
Q

hepatitis C transmission

A

infected blood

131
Q

lab testing for malaria

A

peripheral blood smears

Patho Exam 1 (7 decks)

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