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Patho Exam 1 > Patho CH 3: Inflammation > Flashcards

Patho CH 3: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

2nd line of defense
ex

A

Inflammation - nonspecific - innate

the same regardless of injury

ex: loss of function, increased capillary permeability, swelling

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2
Q

3rd line of defense

A

immune response - specific

depends on type of invader

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3
Q

examples of first line of defense

A

blinking
cough
stomach acid
skin oils
mucous

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4
Q

vascular response

A

chemical mediators
vasodilation and increased permeability
more blood to injured site

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5
Q

causes dilation of blood vessels (and bronchoconstriction) – stored in Mast Cells

A

histamine

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6
Q

vasodilator, inc permeability, activate pain receptors, (and bronchoconstrictor)

A

Prostaglandins

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7
Q

phagocytic cell - primary effector cell against infection and tissue damage - WBC

A

Leukocyte

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8
Q

PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

A

leukocyte

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9
Q

clotting and hemostasis

A

Platelets

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10
Q

release histamine (and serotonin and heparin) – WBC – also contain cytokines

A

Mast Cells

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11
Q

many jobs – provide signals to regulate inflammation and immune response

A

Cytokines

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12
Q

WBC - all over the body – major phagocytic cells – recognize and ingest something that is foreign - scavengers of the blood

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

WBC – a BIG player in immune protection mostly in lymph nodes, spleen, etc. – detect foreign antigens.

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

three steps need for chemical response

A

chemotaxis
cellular adherence
cellular migration

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15
Q

cause of redness

A

vasodilation
increase of blood to injured area

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16
Q

cause of heat

A

vasodilation
increased blood flow to injured site

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17
Q

cause of swelling

A

extracellular fluid accumulation because of increased vascular permeability

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18
Q

cause of pain

A

increased vascular permeability

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19
Q

reason for loss of function

A

tissue damage

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20
Q

treatment for inflammation

A

RICE
Reduce blood flow
Decrease swelling
Block the action of chemical mediators
Decrease pain

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21
Q

microorganism overcomes the immune system

A

Infection

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22
Q

non-healing lesion

A

Ulceration

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23
Q

disruption of a closed wound

wound splits apart why

A

Dehiscence

not enough sutures - pressure

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24
Q

scar forms beyond the site of injury

A

keloids

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25
Q

scar tissue connecting tissue normally separated within the peritoneal cavity after surgery or penetrating injuries

most common from

A

Adhesions

abdominal surgery

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26
Q

conditions to promote healing

A

nutrition
wound care
rest
non-weight bearing
blood flow

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27
Q

acute sinusitis pathophysiology

can come from:

A

inflammation of tissue lining of sinuses
cannot clear mucous

cystic fibrosis

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28
Q

acute sinusitis clinical manifestations

A

facial pain
fever
nasal congestion
cough
fatigue
excessive mucous

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29
Q

acute sinusitis diagnostic criteria

A

physical exam
labs
sinus radiographs

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30
Q

labs for acute sinusitis

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Inflammation causes the rbc to stick together and become heavier and settle quickly to the bottom of the tube – nonspecific

C-reactive protein (CRP) test determines presence and not the cause. CRP is a protein produced in the liver in response to inflammation

White blood cell (WBC) count

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31
Q

acute sinusitis treatment

A

bacterial: antibiotics, antihistamines, decongestants, nasal spray,

surgery

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32
Q

chronic sinusitis treatment

A

steroid or antibiotic
nasal saline
surgery to drill draining holes

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33
Q

burn causes

A

excessive heat
radiation
caustic chemicals
electricity

34
Q

burns lead to an

A

acute inflammatory response

35
Q

priority if patient has burn near face/mouth

A

protect airway

36
Q

superficial partial thickness

A

epidermis
pink and painful
no scarring
heals in a few days

37
Q

deep partial thickness

A

epidermis and dermis
blisters, shiny, moist
heals in 2-6 weeks

38
Q

full thickness burns

A

epidermis dermis and hypodermis
may look black
no pain - no nerve fibers

39
Q

rule of nines

A

front and back of arms = 9%
trunk = 18%
each leg = 18%
face = 4.5%

40
Q

burn treatment

A

remove source of injury
ABCs
fluid, nutrition, antibiotics, analgesics
wound management

41
Q

wound management may include

A

hydrotherapy
skin grafting

42
Q

RA pathophysiology

A

chronic inflammation of synovial membranes and hyperplasia

43
Q

Etiology of RA

A

genetics
triggering event
autoimmunity

44
Q

stages of RA

A
  1. synovitis
  2. pannus formation
  3. fibrous ankylosis
  4. bony ankylosis
45
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of synovium

46
Q

pannus formation

A

vascular fibrous tissue

47
Q

fibrous ankylosis

A

joint invaded by fibrous connective tissue

48
Q

bony ankylosis

A

bones are fused together

49
Q

clinical manifestation of RA

A

mild to debilitating
symmetrical joint stiffness and pain
swelling, heat, redness
decreased mobility

50
Q

pannus caused by

A

hyperplasia

51
Q

labs for RA

A

Sed rate
CRP
IgG
ANA

52
Q

RA treatment

A

drugs inducing remission
rest
PT
splints
surgery

53
Q

acute gastritis pathophysiology

A

ingestion of irritating substances
cell necrosis

54
Q

cause of acute gastritis

A

H. pylori - stomach bacteria

overuse of aspirin

55
Q

acute gastritis clinical manifestations

A

abd pain
indigestion
loss of appetite
N/V
hiccups

56
Q

acute gastritis diagnostic criteria

A

h&p
endoscopy
stool analysis
CBC
occult
CNP - vomit

57
Q

acute gastritis treatment

A

discontinue irritating substance
antibiotics
hydration

58
Q

chronic gastritis pathophysiology

A

gastric cell atrophy
acid production impaired

59
Q

chronic gastritis clinical manifestations

A

dyspepsia - heart burn
loss of appetite
vomiting
anemia
can be asymptomatic

60
Q

chronic gastritis diagnostic criteria

A

endoscopy
biopsy
breath test - h pylori
blood test

61
Q

chronic gastritis treatment

A

antibiotics
PPI - decrease acid
vitamin B12 - parietal cells

62
Q

acute pancreatitis patho

A

sudden inflammation that is reversible if caught early

63
Q

acute pancreatitis causes

A

gallstone duct blocked
excessive alcohol use
tumor

64
Q

acute pancreatitis clinical manifestations

A

mid-epigastric pain
N/V/D
hyperglycemia

65
Q

acute pancreatitis diagnostic criteria

A

h&p
labs

66
Q

acute pancreatitis labs.

A

amylase and lipase

67
Q

acute pancreatitis treatment

A

IV hydration
analgesics
surgical removal of gallstones

68
Q

chronic pancreatitis patho

A

chronic inflammation that is irreversible

69
Q

causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

repeated episodes of acute
alcohol use
CF

70
Q

chronic pancreatitis CM

A

epigastric pain
diarrhea
fatty stool
weight loss

71
Q

CP diagnostic criteria

A

endoscopy
amylase and lipase levels
aspiration of duct

72
Q

chronic pancreatitis treatment

A

pain management
no alcohol or smoking
exercise
nutrition
surgery

73
Q

crohn disease patho

A

form of inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammation anywhere throughout GI tract
most commonly in small intestine

74
Q

CM of Crohns disease

A

impaired intestinal absorption
abcess
malnutrition
diverticulitis
watery diarrhea

75
Q

crohns diagnostics

A

colonoscopy
swallow camera

76
Q

crohns treatment

A

antibiotics
diet changes
surgery

77
Q

ulcerative colitis patho

A

begins in rectum and ascends the descending colon
ulcerations

78
Q

UC CM

A

abd pain
bloody diarrhea
rectal bleeding

79
Q

UC diagnostics

A

H&P
endoscopy
CBC
Hemoglobin and hematocrit

80
Q

UC treatment

A

cured by colectomy

Patho Exam 1 (7 decks)

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