Patho CH 2: Altered Cells and Tissues Flashcards
make a cell smaller
atrophy
lack of blood supply to cell death to chest pain to an MI
ischemia
make a cell bigger
hypertrophy
complete cell change in size or # of cells
hyperplasia
change cell type and structure
metaplasia
abnormal growth
dysplasia
cellular suicide
apoptosis
death related to cell injury
necrosis
direct injury
bike accident
mechanical
temperature injury
Ex:
thermal
burn/frostbite
injury from spill of toxic substance
chemical
injury from inside the body system
endogenous
injury from an external environment
exogenous
injury from deprived of something (O2/water)
deficit injury
cerebral atrophy patho
reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum
from reduced stimulation or injury
cerebral atrophy is a result of
reduced stimulation
injury
localized to a particular reason
focal
affecting the entire brain
global
cerebral atrophy diagnostic criteria
- early ID of loss of function
- health history
- neurologic exam
- imaging studies
cerebral atrophy treatment
- prevention
- interruption of injury process
- slowing course of disease
cardiac hypertrophy patho
increase cardiac muscle mass
Causes (etiology)of cardiac hypertrophy
- excessive cardiac workload
- increased functional demand
- inherited genetic trait
heart muscle becomes stiff leading to decreased cardiac output
inherited non-sex-linked genetic trait
primary cardiac hypertrophy
due to an underlying condition increasing LV workload
secondary cardiac hypertrophy
increased bloop pressure
cardiac hypertrophy clinical manifestations
SOB
chest pain
syncope
impaired cardiac function
important sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia
normal or abnormal finding?
S4 hear sound
ABNORMAL
Cardiac hypertrophy diagnostic criteria
genetic testing hypertension reduced exercise tolerance (Can you walk up the stairs?) ventricular arrhythmia heart murmur
cardiac hypertrophy treatment
surgery
pharmacologic
activity restriction
Pharmacologic treatment for cardiac hypertrophy
EX:
drugs relaxing the ventricles
drugs reducing the workload of the heart (decreasing pressure to pump)
Ex: ACE, ARB, beta-blockers
acromegaly patho
where?
when?
excessive growth hormone (hyperpituitarism)
- bones
- cartilage
- soft tissue
- organs
occurs after epiphyseal plate closure
acromegaly clinical manifestations
- soft tissue swelling
- altered facial features
- pain and numbness in hands
- voice deepening
- snoring
- skin changes
- altered reproductive function
acromegaly diagnostic criteria
- H&P exam
- labs (glucose tolerance, growth hormone, IGF-1)
acromegaly treatment
pharmacologic: drugs to reduce growth hormone
nonpharmacologic: radiation therapy to promote death in growth hormone hypersecreting cells
surgical: removal of tumor (adenoma) causing hypersecretion of growth hormone
changing of cell types as a response to environmental stressors - not pathologic
metaplasia
abnormal growth and disordered differentiation differentiation in dividing cells - pathologic - pre-cancerous condition
dysplasia
cervical metaplasia and dysplasia clinical manifestations
no S/S
cervical metaplasia and dysplasia risk factors
early onset sexual activity
multiple partners
exposure to HPV
smoking
cervical M&D diagnostic criteria
- H&P
- screening (Papsmear and HPV)
- colposcopy (biopsy of cervical tissue)
cervical M&D treatment
ablation
surgical removal
removal of superficial cells
ablation
environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease clinical manifestations
aortic aneurysm acute myeloid leukemia cancer cataract chronic lung disease coronary heart disease periodontitis pneumonia stroke student infant death
environmental toxin injury and cardio disease complications
reduced exercise tolerance difficulty breathing blood clot peripheral vascular disease hypertension increased heart rate reduced cardiac out (HF) hyperlipidemia
environmental diagnostic criteria
H&P exam
Labs (chest x-ray, system review, clots)
environmental treatment
risk reduction - stop smoking
system management
pharmacologic
pharmacologic treatment for environmental
drugs that assist with smoking cessation and management of cardio complications
acromegaly labs
glucose tolerence test
growth hormone
IGF-1
cervical M&D patho
cellular adaptation of squamous and columnar epithilial cells in cervix
environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease patho
exposure to environmental chemicals leads to cardiovascular cell injury
