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Patho Exam 1 > Patho CH 2: Altered Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Patho CH 2: Altered Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

make a cell smaller

A

atrophy

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2
Q

lack of blood supply to cell death to chest pain to an MI

A

ischemia

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3
Q

make a cell bigger

A

hypertrophy

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4
Q

complete cell change in size or # of cells

A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

change cell type and structure

A

metaplasia

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6
Q

abnormal growth

A

dysplasia

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7
Q

cellular suicide

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

death related to cell injury

A

necrosis

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9
Q

direct injury

bike accident

A

mechanical

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10
Q

temperature injury

Ex:

A

thermal

burn/frostbite

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11
Q

injury from spill of toxic substance

A

chemical

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12
Q

injury from inside the body system

A

endogenous

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13
Q

injury from an external environment

A

exogenous

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14
Q

injury from deprived of something (O2/water)

A

deficit injury

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15
Q

cerebral atrophy patho

A

reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum

from reduced stimulation or injury

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16
Q

cerebral atrophy is a result of

A

reduced stimulation

injury

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17
Q

localized to a particular reason

A

focal

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18
Q

affecting the entire brain

A

global

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19
Q

cerebral atrophy diagnostic criteria

A
  • early ID of loss of function
  • health history
  • neurologic exam
  • imaging studies
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20
Q

cerebral atrophy treatment

A
  • prevention
  • interruption of injury process
  • slowing course of disease
21
Q

cardiac hypertrophy patho

A

increase cardiac muscle mass

22
Q

Causes (etiology)of cardiac hypertrophy

A
  • excessive cardiac workload
  • increased functional demand
  • inherited genetic trait

heart muscle becomes stiff leading to decreased cardiac output

23
Q

inherited non-sex-linked genetic trait

A

primary cardiac hypertrophy

24
Q

due to an underlying condition increasing LV workload

A

secondary cardiac hypertrophy

increased bloop pressure

25
Q

cardiac hypertrophy clinical manifestations

A

SOB
chest pain
syncope
impaired cardiac function

26
Q

important sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia

normal or abnormal finding?

A

S4 hear sound

ABNORMAL

27
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy diagnostic criteria

A 
genetic testing 
hypertension 
reduced exercise tolerance (Can you walk up the stairs?)
ventricular arrhythmia 
heart murmur
28
Q

cardiac hypertrophy treatment

A

surgery
pharmacologic
activity restriction

29
Q

Pharmacologic treatment for cardiac hypertrophy

EX:

A

drugs relaxing the ventricles
drugs reducing the workload of the heart (decreasing pressure to pump)
Ex: ACE, ARB, beta-blockers

30
Q

acromegaly patho

where?
when?

A

excessive growth hormone (hyperpituitarism)

  • bones
  • cartilage
  • soft tissue
  • organs

occurs after epiphyseal plate closure

31
Q

acromegaly clinical manifestations

A
  • soft tissue swelling
  • altered facial features
  • pain and numbness in hands
  • voice deepening
  • snoring
  • skin changes
  • altered reproductive function
32
Q

acromegaly diagnostic criteria

A
  • H&P exam

- labs (glucose tolerance, growth hormone, IGF-1)

33
Q

acromegaly treatment

A

pharmacologic: drugs to reduce growth hormone
nonpharmacologic: radiation therapy to promote death in growth hormone hypersecreting cells
surgical: removal of tumor (adenoma) causing hypersecretion of growth hormone

34
Q

changing of cell types as a response to environmental stressors - not pathologic

A

metaplasia

35
Q

abnormal growth and disordered differentiation differentiation in dividing cells - pathologic - pre-cancerous condition

A

dysplasia

36
Q

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia clinical manifestations

A

no S/S

37
Q

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia risk factors

A

early onset sexual activity
multiple partners
exposure to HPV
smoking

38
Q

cervical M&D diagnostic criteria

A
  • H&P
  • screening (Papsmear and HPV)
  • colposcopy (biopsy of cervical tissue)
39
Q

cervical M&D treatment

A

ablation

surgical removal

40
Q

removal of superficial cells

A

ablation

41
Q

environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease clinical manifestations

A 
aortic aneurysm 
acute myeloid leukemia 
cancer 
cataract 
chronic lung disease 
coronary heart disease 
periodontitis 
pneumonia 
stroke 
student infant death
42
Q

environmental toxin injury and cardio disease complications

A 
reduced exercise tolerance 
difficulty breathing 
blood clot 
peripheral vascular disease
hypertension 
increased heart rate 
reduced cardiac out (HF)
hyperlipidemia
43
Q

environmental diagnostic criteria

A

H&P exam

Labs (chest x-ray, system review, clots)

44
Q

environmental treatment

A

risk reduction - stop smoking
system management
pharmacologic

45
Q

pharmacologic treatment for environmental

A

drugs that assist with smoking cessation and management of cardio complications

46
Q

acromegaly labs

A

glucose tolerence test
growth hormone
IGF-1

47
Q

cervical M&D patho

A

cellular adaptation of squamous and columnar epithilial cells in cervix

48
Q

environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease patho

A

exposure to environmental chemicals leads to cardiovascular cell injury

Patho Exam 1 (7 decks)

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