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NSG > Patho 1 & 2 Overall Review > Flashcards

Patho 1 & 2 Overall Review Flashcards

1
Q

thiazide diuretics use, MOA, and nursing considerations

A

use - HTN, FVE
MOA - inhibits the reabsorption of Na, K, and Cl which decreases CO in distal convoluted tubule
NC - monitor K levels, may encourage foods high in K

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2
Q

loop diuretics use, MOA, major SE, and NC

A

HTN, FVE
MOA - encourages kidneys to reabsorb sodium within the loop of henley
SE - ototoxicity
NC - monitor K, may receive KCl

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3
Q

potassium sparing diuretics use, MOA, SE

A

use - HTN, FVE
MOA - blocks aldosterone, retains K, excretes Na and water
SE - endocrine effects

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4
Q

beta blockers use, MOA, SE, NC

A

use - HTN, cardiovascular disease
MOA - selectively blocks B1 which decreases HR and contractility
SE - bradycardia, hypotension, masks hypoglycemia
NC - taper, hold if HR <60 or systolic BP <100

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5
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist prototype, use, MOA, SE, NC

A

prototype - clonidine
use - HTN
MOA - decreases outflow of the SNS, decreases stimulation of the adrenergic receptors
SE - rebound HTN, may worsen pre-existing liver disease
NC - give at night to avoid drowsiness

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6
Q

ACE Inhibitors use, MOA, SE, NC

A

use - HTN
MOA - block angiotensin converting enzyme which inhibits the production of angiotensin II
SE - first dose hypotension, cough*, angioedema
NC - use cautiously in those with renal disease, monitor WBC and K

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7
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers use, MOA, SE, and NC

A

use - HTN, HF, CVA
MOA - blocks angiotensin II
SE - angioedema
NC - teratogenic

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8
Q

renin inhibitors MOA and NC

A

MOA - inhibits renin
NC - teratogenic

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9
Q

calcium channel blockers MOA and SE

A

MOA - blocks cell’s access to calcium which decreases contractility and conductivity
SE - orthostatic hypotension, edema

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10
Q

vasodilators MOA

A

causes relaxation to arterial smooth muscles in the veins, decreases vascular resistance

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11
Q

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors MOA, SE, NC

A

“statins”
MOA - inhibit HMG-CoA which reduces production of cholesterol in the liver
SE - myopathy, rhabdomylosis, AKI, and hepatotoxicity
NC - take with food, avoid drugs that increase the risk of myopathy, avoid alcohol

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12
Q

rapid acting insulin name, timings, and NC

A

lispro
starts working in 15 minutes, peaks in 30, and lasts for 2-4 hours
administered with meals

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13
Q

short acting insulin name, timings

A

regular
starts working in 30 minutes, peaks in 2 hours, and works for up to 8 hours

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14
Q

intermediate acting insulin name, timings

A

NPH
starts working in 2 hours, peaks in 8 hours, and works for 16 hours

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15
Q

long acting insulin name, timings

A

glargine
once a day dosing at night
starts working in 70 minutes, does not peak, and works for up to 24 hours

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16
Q

sulfonylureas

A

glipizide and glyburide
treats hyperglycemia
stimulates the secretion of insulin
teratogenic

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17
Q

metformin

A

treats DM II
decreases glucose production
do not use with elevated ALT, 48 hours after contrast, or with HF, KF, LF, of alcoholics

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18
Q

DPP4 Inhibitors

A

“gliptins”
increases insulin release and reduces glucagon release

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19
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists

A

-tide
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin
do not use in those with pancreatitis, medullary thyroid carcinoma, or renal disease
BBW - thyroid c-cell tumors

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20
Q

SLG2 Inhibitors

A

-flozin
prevents kidneys from reabsorbing glucose
contraindicated with RF

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21
Q

glucagon

A

hypoglycemia antidote
half life is only 25-35 mins

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22
Q

orlistat

A

reduces fat absorption by 30%
BBW - liver injury
SE - flatulance
rebound effect*

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23
Q

cholinesterase inhibitors

A

donepezil
used for alzheimers
blocks acetylcholinesterase
given PO at bedtime

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24
Q

NMDA receptor agonist

A

memantine
blocks NMDA receptors
used for alzheimers

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25
Q

SSRI

A

fluoxitine
blocks seretonin
SE - seretonin syndrome
avoid use with MAOI

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26
Q

SNRI

A

venlafaxine
blocks seretonin and norepi
void use with MAOI

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27
Q

tricyclic antidepressant

A

amitriptyline
blocks reuptake of seretonin and norepi
SE - anticholinergic effects
avoid with MAOI

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28
Q

MAOI

A

phenelzine
blocks MAO enzyme in liver walls
SE - HTN crisis if taken with tyramine
many drug-drug interactions
used when nothing else works

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29
Q

ketamine as an antidepressant

A

NMDA receptor agonist
rapid help with suicidality
SE - disassociation

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30
Q

benzos

A

-lam -pam
increases GABA
SE - CNS depression, withdrawal
teratogenic
do not mix with other LOC meds or fatty foods

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31
Q

antidote for benzos

A

flumazenil

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32
Q

methadone

A

mu-agonist
helps those with addiction stay clean
may receive daily from a clinic

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33
Q

buprenorphine and naloxone

A

helps those who suffer with addiction recover quickly
SE - withdrawal
works quickly

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34
Q

gabapentin

A

lessens neuronic firing
can be partially revered with naloxone
treats neuropathic pain

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35
Q

NSAIDS

A

blocks prostaglandin and COX enzyme
nonselective - GI risks
selective - CV risks
no aspirin for kids

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36
Q

antidote for acetaminophen

A

acetylcysteine

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37
Q

opioids

A

binds to mu receptors
do not give with any other CNS depressants

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38
Q

antidote for opioids

A

naloxone

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39
Q

phenytoin

A

anti seizure
increases the threshold of the motor cortex
BBW - risk of suicidal ideation, depression
teratogenic

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40
Q

opioid withdrawal timeline

A

starts
peaks 72 hours later
lasts for 1 month

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41
Q

benzos withdrawal timeline

A

starts in 6-12 hours
peaks in 2 weeks
lasts for months-years

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42
Q

alcohol withdrawal timeline

A

starts in 8 hours
peaks in 1-3 days
lasts for weeks

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43
Q

sodium bicarb

A

treats low sodium
raises blood and urine pH
monitor for cardiac symptoms

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44
Q

KCl

A

treats low K
NEVER PUSH
contraindicated in renal failure
must be on tele

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45
Q

sodium polystyrene

A

Kayexalate
treats high K
could cause intestinal obstruction
only use for those with normal bowel function

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46
Q

D50/Insulin

A

treats high K in blood
check BS before and after

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47
Q

mag sulfate

A

treats low mag
could cause confusion

48
Q

mag oxide

A

treats long term low mag
could cause confusion, SOA, and abnormal EKG

49
Q

calcium chloride

A

tums
treats low calcium
take with vitamin D

50
Q

pegfilgrastim

A

treats low WBC
increases neutrophils

51
Q

nystatin

A

binds to sterols in cell membrane
no oral admin

52
Q

amphotericin B

A

binds to egosterol, causes cells to leak
synergistic effect if given with flucytosine
IVF must be diluted
monitor BUN and creatinine
pretreat with diphenhydramine, tylenol, or aspirin

53
Q

azoles

A

treat superficial and systemic infections
interrupts the integrity of the cell wall
take with food, separate from antacids

54
Q

fluconazole special considerations

A

monitor coags if on warfarin
monitor for hypoglycemia if on a sulfa drug

55
Q

heparin

A

activates antithrombin
AE - bleeding

56
Q

antidote for heparin

A

protamine sulfate

57
Q

enoxaparin

A

low molecular weight heparin
activates antithrombin
inactivates Xa

58
Q

antidote for enoxaparin

A

protamine

59
Q

warfarin

A

blocks vitamin K
monitor PT/INR
many drug interactions

60
Q

apixaban and ruvaroxiban

A

blocks Xa
BBW - spinal hematomas
drug interactions
monitor LFTs

61
Q

aspirin as an anticoag

A

blocks platelet aggregation
no aspirin for kids

62
Q

antidote for apixiban and ruvaroxaban

A

andexxa

63
Q

antidote for aspirin

A

DDAVP

64
Q

clopidogrel and ticafrelor

A

anti-platelet ADP blocker
contraindicated with bleeding
BBW - risk of CV events

65
Q

ex of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

A

glucocorticoids - hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone
mineral - fludrocortisone

66
Q

treatments for open angle glaucoma

A

timolol
betaxolol
lantoprost
brimodine
dozolamide

67
Q

finasteride and dutasteride

A

blocks the conversion of testosterone to DHT
works best when the prostate is large

68
Q

tamsulosin

A

relaxes smooth muscle cells

69
Q

sildenafil

A

viagra
blocks PDE-5
caution with CV disease or taking nitrates

70
Q

bismuth suvsalicylate

A

pepto
lines the walls of the GI tract
treats diarrhea

71
Q

loperamide

A

slows peristalsis
treats diarrhea

72
Q

psyllium

A

absorbs water in the intestine
long term constipation use
only one okay for long term use*

73
Q

docusate sodium

A

lubricates fecal matter
prevents constipation due to opioids

74
Q

senna

A

bowel evacuation
most likely to cause dependence

75
Q

phenazopyridine

A

treats pain due to a UTI
turns body fluids red or orange

76
Q

epinephrine

A

blocks release of mediators from mast cells
for severe allergic reactions

77
Q

diphenhydramine

A

blocks histamine release from receptors
helps get symptoms under control
avoid alcohol
SE - anticholinergic

78
Q

cintirizine
loratidine
fexofenadine

A

blocks histamine release from receptors
keeps symptoms at bay

79
Q

albuterol

A

mimics SNS and stimulates beta 1
relieves bronchospasm
contraindicated with uncontrolled HTN, MAOI

80
Q

albuterol antidote

A

beta blocker

81
Q

salmeterol

A

prevents bronchospasms
mimics SNS to relax and dilate airways
always given with an inhaled corticosteroid
has been linked to asthma related deaths

82
Q

xanthine derivatives

A

-phylline
preventative treatment for asthma
increases levels of cAMP
many contraindications and drug interactions
no caffeine or smoking

83
Q

montelukast

A

prevents leukotrienes from attaching to receptors on immune cells
not for acute asthma attacks, prophylaxis only

84
Q

beclomethasone

A

inhaled corticosteroid
prevents asthma attacks
rinse mouth after
take on a regular schedule

85
Q

cromolyn

A

stabilizes mast cells
prevents asthma attacks

86
Q

isoniazid

A

treats TB
disrupts cell wall synthesis
could cause hepatotoxicity*
avoid antacids, rifampin, and phenytoin
BBW - increased risk of hepatitis

87
Q

rifampin

A

treats TB
blocks protein synthesis by attacking the hydrocarbon ring
decreases effects of may drugs

88
Q

ethambutol

A

supress RNA synthesis
could cause disease of optic nerve
not for children under 13
treats TB

89
Q

streptomycin

A

interferes with normal protein synthesis
may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

90
Q

erythropoietin alpha

A

mimics human erythropoietin
can increase mortality in surgery/kidney/cancer patients
stop if Hgb is >10
use lowest dose possible

91
Q

ferrous sulfate

A

helps bone marrow cells make RBC
could cause teeth staining
take on an empty stomach

92
Q

iron dextran

A

BBW - potential for fatal anaphylaxis
epi and CPR equipment ready
small test dose before
persistent pain, discoloration of the skin with IM

93
Q

cyancobalamin

A

for B12 deficit
caution with folic acid due to masking B12 defecit

94
Q

folic acid

A

concerts to an active form of folic acid after admin
can mask B12 deficiency

95
Q

penecillins

A

disrupt cell wall synthesis, activates autolysis

96
Q

penecillin SE

A

angioedema
interact with oral contraceptives, NSAIDs and warfarin

97
Q

ampicillin SE

A

diarrhea, rash
renal sensitive

98
Q

piperacillin and ticarcillin SE

A

ticarcillin - Na overload, interferes with platelet function
piperacillin - monitor for platelet function, monitor for those with renal dysfunction

99
Q

cephalosporins

A

block cell wall synthesis
could cause rash
cefazolin - surgical prophylaxis
ceftiraxone - able to cross the BBB

100
Q

carbepenems

A

bacterial and cell wall inhibitor
could cause seizure

101
Q

vancomycin

A

immediately halts cell wall synthesis and causes death
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and red man syndrome

102
Q

gentamycin

A

blocks bacterial ribosomes
CNA side effects
don’t give with a neuromuscular blockade

103
Q

clinidamycin

A

binds to ribosomes
could cause pseudomembranous colitis
very toxic

104
Q

tetracyclines

A

inhibits protein synthesis by attaching to ribosomes
permanent discoloration of permanent teeth and enamel
contraindicated for pregnant and nursing women

105
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

alters bacteria DNA
arthropathy
avoid in patients <16 and >60

106
Q

metronidazole

A

blocks DNA synthesis
treats CDiff
do not take with alcohol
SE - xerostema, vaginal candidiasis

107
Q

acyclovir

A

vaccine for herpes
interferes with viral nucleic acid synthesis

108
Q

oseltamivir

A

vaccine for the flu
blocks neuraminidase
could cause renal impairment

109
Q

gancyclovir

A

vaccine for CMV
blocks viral DNA polymerases
4 BBW
monitor with kidneys

110
Q

zidovudine

A

HIV treatment
inhibits reversal of transcriptase
toxicities - severe anemia and neutropenia

111
Q

efavirenz

A

HIV treatment
blocks reverse transcriptase
CYP450

112
Q

raltegravere

A

HIV treatment
inhibits integrase
metabolized by UGT enzyme

113
Q

lopenivir

A

HIV treatment
inhibits protease
could cause hyperglycemia and lipodystrophy

114
Q

enfurvirtide

A

blocks entry of HIV into CD4
could cause pneumonia or hypersensitivity

115
Q

maraviroc

A

blocks entry of CCR5 into CD4
BBW - liver injury
substrate of CYP3A4

NSG (12 decks)

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