Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path 2 > Path outline final (KP) > Flashcards

Path outline final (KP) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a severe case of diffuse destruction of brain w/ no cerebral hemispheres called?

A

Hydranencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the stroma destroyed in Hydranencephaly?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Congenital Hydranencephaly associated with?

Examples?

A

Cerebrum
Fetal viral infxns
Ex: Calves BVD & prego Sheep (Blue Tongue) vax at day 50-58

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a typical lesion of hydranencephaly?

A

Absence of Telencephalon w/ complete or almost complete absence of cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrancephaly: On necropsy what would you see in the cranial cavity?

A

Membranous sac of CSF made up of enclosed leptomeniges inside a complete cranial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrancephaly: What would the skull look like?

A

Mostly normal but could have mild doming & thickening of cranial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is there an epindymal lining with Hydranencephaly?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What viruses are associated with Hydrancephaly?

A 
Akbane
Bluetounge
RVF
Wessel-bron
BVD
Border Dz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If Porencephaly occurs prenatal what will the brain look like?

A

Focal destruction of White Matter w/ caveated cysts in the cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Porencephaly?

A

A congenital anomaly that effects the White Matter of the Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do the the cysts in Porencephaly appear and what are they filled with?

A

Smooth walled & filled with clear fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Associated viruses of Porencephaly?

A

Border Dz

BVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What deficiency is associated with Porencephaly?

A

CU deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Internal Hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumlulation of CSF ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is External Hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the Subarachnoid Space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is Stroma present in Hydrocephalus?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause Congenital Hydrocephalus?

A

Idiopathic
Viral
Nutritional Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the lesions of Congenital Hydrocephalus? TQ

A

Lateral ventricular distention w/ domed shaped, thin boned ENLARGED cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What animals are more prone to congenital hydroencephalus?

A

Dogs-Brachycephalic
Calves
Foals
Pigs(familial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause Acquired Hydroencephalus?

A

Anything that Obstructs the flow of CSF leading to pressure atrophy.
Progressive dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the lesions of Aquired Hydroencephalus? TQ

A

Lateral ventricular distention with NO cranial malformation

Lipping is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Acquired Hydroencephalus a sequele of?

A 
Bacterial meningitis
Granulomatous meningitis (TB)
FIP 
Cryptococcosis
Intracranial Neoplasms 
Parasitic cysts
Cholestratoma (horse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Abiotrophy?

A

“Cerebellar Atrophy”

Premature apoptosis of Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary metabolic defect/degeneration of the Cerebellum? TQ

A

Abiotrophy

Happens after the cerebellum has reached full size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are the lesions seen in Abiotrophy?

A

Cerebellar Cortex - basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the lesions of Abiotrophy?

A

Loss of Perkinje cells & granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does Cerebellar Hypoplasia occur?

A

Inherited or Intra Uterine viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the lesions of Cerebellar Hypoplasia?

A

loss of purkinje cells & granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What viruses are associated with Cerebellar Hypoplasia?

A

Feline Panleukopenia
BVD-calves
Herpesvirus- dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Syringomyelia?

A

Inhereted dz causing a syrnx (tubular cavity) of cavitation in Grey Matter of the lumbar spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What breed would you most likely see Syringomyelia in?

A

Apparently Weimaraners but really in CKCS

Leads to bunny hopping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a Prion Dz?

A

Abnormal protein causing spongiform changes in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the lesions of Prion Dz?

A

No inflammation
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Astrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do you DX a Prion dz?

A

Examine the obex and use IHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some examples of Prion dz?

A

Scrapie
BSE
Chronic Wasting Dz Deer,
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Sphingolipidoses?

A

Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Etiology of Sphingolipidoses?

A

Lysosomal storage dz = Microglia cells –> Giant Globoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does Sphingolipidoses cause?

How is it Dx?

A

White Matter Degeneration

PAS stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is focal malacia?

A

Softening & necrosis of CNS tissue associated with specific toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What causes FSE (focal symmetrical encephalomalacia)? TQ

A

Hemorrhages from Clostridium perfringins D infection in sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What causes Equine leukoencephlomalacia?

A

Toxins from eating moldy corn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What causes Equine Nigropallidal malacia?

A

Yellow star thistle toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What causes Avian encephalomalacia?

A

Hypovitaminosis E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is laminar malacia? TQ

A

softening of cerebrocortical grey matter in a layered laminar pattern based on how susceptible the cells are to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two types of laminar malacia? TQ

A 
Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CNN)
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the susceptibility of cells to laminar cortical necrosis from greatest to least? TQ

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Microglial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the eitiology of laminar malacia/laminar cortical necrosis?

A

Lead poisoning-chronic → Cattle → CNN
Salt poisoning → Pigs → PEM
Selenium poisoning (acute) → Pig → Bilateral PEM
Thiamine depletion/deficiency → Rumi/Cats → CNN/PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Active Hyperemia to the brain is what?

A

Increased arterial blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Passive congestion to the brain is what?

A

Increased venous flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does hypoxemia/Ichemia kill neurons?

A

Leads to hypoglycemia → energy depletion → increased Glutamate → neurotoxicity → neuronal death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which type of animal is more resistant to hypoxemia?

A

Neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does the brain get reprofusion injury?

A

Lactic acidosis
Calcium influx
Oxygen free radicals
Glutamate release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are examples of causes hypoxemia/ishemia in Horses, Dogs, and Cats?

A

Horse: Anesthesia related
Dog: Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy (FCEM)
Cat: Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy (Cuterebra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the most important change that accompanies all Intracerebral lesions?

A

Cerebral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the etiology of Cerebral Edema? TQ

A 
Increased ICP due to: 
     Inflammation
     Hypoxia
     Ishcemia
     Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a differentiating finding of cytotoxic intracellular cerebral edema?

A

No oozing blood on cut surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a differentiating finding of Vasogenic cerebral edema?

A

Blood oozes on cut surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Lesions of inflammation of the CNS?

A 
Pronounced vascular response
Perivascular Cuffing w/ Mononuclear cells
Neuronal Degeneration
Gliosis
Demyelination (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What causes CNS inflammationin dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: Idiopathic inflammatory brain disorders

Cats → Infectious meningoencephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME)? TQ

A

Acute Suppurative/Purulent inflamation caused by histophilus somni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the gross & microscopic lesions of TME?

A

Gross: hemorrhagic foci
Microscopic: Vasculitis w/ thrombosis & septic infarction (hallmark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does listeria monocytogenes cause in Adult ruminants? TQ

A

Encephalitis or meningoencephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does listeria monocytogenes cause in young ruminants & monogastrics? TQ

A

Septicemia & hepatic necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How does listeria monocytogenes get into the brain? TQ

A

Affinity for brainstem: Ascends trigeminal nerve to the medulla & pons causing severe lesions (multifocal microabcesses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does clostridium perferingens type D cause? TQ

A

Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia (FSE) from the epsilon toxin causing vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the lesions of FSE in the Basal ganglia and the white matter? TQ

A

Basal Ganglia: Hemorrhage & softening (malacia)

White Matter: lysis & liquefacation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What causes edema disease of pigs and what does it cause?

A

E.coli → shigella toxin → vasculitis → bilateral symmetrical encephalomalacia of the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What histological changes would you see with Viral inflammation of the CNS? TQ

A

Vascular - perivascular cuffing of PMN cells
Neuronal - degeneration
White matter - Gliosis & demylination
Meningitis - Lyphocystic +/- plasmacystic
Inclusion Bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What histological changes would you see in the brain with Canine Distemper Virus? TQ

A

Gliosis & Demylination of White Matter

Intranuclear inclusion bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What inclusion bodies would you see with rabies and herpes?

A

Herpes - IntraNuclear

Rabies - IntraCytoplasmic (Negri)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How does Cuterebra cause Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy? TQ

A

Larvae migrate to brain via nasal cavity causing vascular lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What does cerebral nematodiasis cause in the brain?

A

Malacia
Hemorrhages
Migratory tracts
Space occupying lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

How does Oestrus ovis cause cerebral nematodiasis?

A

Penetrates ethmoid bone and makes cysts in the cranial vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How does hypoderma bovis cause cerebral nematodiasis?

A

Pentrates spinal canal during migration making cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What causes equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?

CS?

A

Sarcocystosis (Sarcocystis neruona) Horse is dead-end host –> affects spinal cord, focal liquafactive necrosis
CS: ataxia & CNS signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How do you Dx EMP?

A

Biopsy of spinal accessory nerve and see Wallerian degeneration

77
Q

Neoporosis is caused by Neospora caninum. What does it cause in Horses, Dogs & Cattle?

A

Horses (DH) → meningoencephalomyelitis
Dogs (DH) → Polyradiculoneuritis & polymyositis
Cattle (IH) → Multifocal necrosis +/- abortion

78
Q

How does cryptococcus neoformans cause dz in dogs?

A

Infects meninges & paranasal sinuses → granulomatous meningioencephalitis (soapy looking lesions)

79
Q

How does cryptococcus neoformans cause dz in cats?

A

Infects Nasal cavity & Pharynx → non-supurative meningioencephalitis (soapy looking lesions)

80
Q

What causes polioencephalomalacia (CNN of cerebral cortex) in ruminants? TQ

A

Vit B deficiency from Brackenfern or Horse tail ingestion

81
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Vit B deficiency in ruminants?

A

Grey matter degeneration & bilateral symmetrical edema due to increased thiaminase levels

82
Q

What is the pathophisiology of avian encephalomalacia?

A

Hypovitaminosis E → Focal necrosis Cerebellum → exudative diathesis & muscular distrophy

83
Q

What causes bilateral cerebral cortical necrosis (CNN) in Lambs & kids?

A 
CU defeciency affecting both grey & white matter → axonal degeneration
If present at birth = sway back
Delayed onset (upto 6mths) = enzootic ataxia
84
Q

What does NaCl toxicosis do?

A

Affects grey matter of cerebral cortex

CS: blindness, deafness & convulsions

85
Q

What are THE PATHOGNOMONIC lesions of NaCl toxicosis?

A

Eosinophilic meningioencephalitis + encephalomalacia (pigs) & polioencephalomalacia

86
Q

What are your ddx for NaCl tox?

A

CNN
But CNN → laminar necrosis
NaCl tox → Eosinophilic meningitis + laminar necrosis

87
Q

What causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses?

A

Ingestion of Fusarium moniliforme from moldy corn

88
Q

What is the pathophysiology of leukoencephalomalacia in horses? TQ

A

Mycotoxin fumonisin B1 → focal necrosis of white matter of cerebral hemispheres via vascular damage → infarction lipid per-oxidation inhibiting DNA synthesis

89
Q

Where would you see the hemorrhagic lesion of coup?

A

At the site of impact

moving object hitting stationary head

90
Q

Where would you see the hemorrhagic lesion of Countrecoup? TQ

A

Opposite the site of impact

moving head hitting stationary object

91
Q

What is hansen type 1 V disc degeneration?

A

Degeneration of annulus fibrosis involving multiple discs (acute dz)
Nucleus protrudes & puts pressure on spinal cord

92
Q

Who is predisposed to hansen type 1 V disc dz?

A

Chondrodysplastic breeds

93
Q

What is hansen type 2 V disc dz?

A

Bulging of disc, fewer discs involved (gradual dz)

Nucleus puts pressure on annulus which puts pressure on spinal cord

94
Q

Who is susceptible to hansen type 2 V disc dz?

A

Any Breed Old dogs

95
Q

What is the most common tumor of the CNS? TQ

A

Meningiomas → well circumscribed & encapsulated w/ streams & whorls of fusiform CT

96
Q

Who gets Glial tumors most commonly? TQ

A

Brachycephalic breeds

97
Q

What is the most common glial tumor? TQ

A

Astrocytoma –> Not well demarcated

98
Q

What is the 2nd most common glial tumor? TQ

A

Oligodendrioma –> well demarcated

99
Q

If a dog has a metastatic (2dary) CNS neoplasm what is your highest rule out?

A

Mammary carcinoma –> most common mammary tumor of dogs

100
Q

What is cyclopia and what is it’s etiology?

A

A single medial globe (eye ball)

From Ingestion of Veratrum californicum ( veratrum alkaloid) at day 14 of gestation

101
Q

What is Synophtalmia?

A

Incomplete separation or early fusion of globes

102
Q

What is Coloboma?

A

Failure of choriod fissure to close (optic cup)

Normally found at the optic disc

103
Q

What is Scleral ectasia?

A

Cavity of choroid lined by retinal layer & associated with CEA –> retinal degeneration or detachment

104
Q

Who gets collie eye anomoly (CEA)? TQ

A

Inherited in collies & shelites

105
Q

What is the pathology of Collie Eye (CEA)? TQ

A

Coloboma –> incomplete closure/development of the optic cup –> ABNORMAL Choriod & Retina –> retinal degeneration or detachment

106
Q

What are the lesions of CEA? TQ

A

Chorio-retinal dysplasia/hypoplasia
Ectasia of optic disc/sclera
Abnormal retinal vessles
+/- Vision

107
Q

What is suppurative focal blepharitis?

A

Hordeolum (stye): suppurative adenitis (inflammation)

108
Q

What is External Hordeolum?

A

Suppurative adenitis of adnexal galnds: Moll- apocrine or Zei- sebaceous

109
Q

What is Internal Hordeolum?

A

Suppurative adenitis of melbomian gland

110
Q

What is sterile Blepharitis?

A

Chalazion: sterile granulomatous inflammation of internal melbomian gland

111
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the canine eyelid?

A

Melbomian Gland adenoma

112
Q

What is the 2nd most common neoplasm of the canine eyelid?

A

Melanocytoma

113
Q

What is a Dermoid? TQ

A

A congenital teratoma tumor on the conjuctiva with at least 2 embryonic layers. Contains Skin & hair!

114
Q

Where do dermoids occur on dogs & cattle?

A

Dogs: Lateral canthus & limbus
Cattle: Medial canthus, eyelid & 3rd eyelid

115
Q

What animals get infectious conjunctivitis more commonly?

A

Cattle & Cats

116
Q

What are the viruses that can cause infectious conjunctivitis?

A

Feline Herpes & IBR (BHV-1)

Infect the eye and make it more susceptible to 2dard bacterial infection

117
Q

What bacteria is associated with pink eye in cattle? TQ

A

Moraxella

118
Q

What other bacteria can cause infectious conjunctivitis?

A

Mycoplasma

Chlamydia psittaci

119
Q

What parasites can cause infectious conjunctivitis? TQ

A

Thelaziasis (cattle/horse)
Habronema (horse)
Oestrus ovis (sheep)

120
Q

Who gets idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis?

A

Horses & Cats

121
Q

What are the lesions of Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis?

A

Ulcerative
Epithelial hyperplasia
Cellular infiltrate of lymphs & eos

122
Q

What is Non-infectious conjuctivitis?

A

Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) –> nodules in lamina propria made up of macrophages, fibroblasts & lymphcytes

123
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the conjunctiva?

A

SCC

Cattle > Horse > dog & cat

124
Q

What predisposes animals to SCC on their conjunctiva?

A

IBR (BVH-1)
Genetic –> Herefords
Actinic irradiation
Hypomelanosis

125
Q

What in an infectious cause of ulcerative dz of the cornea?

A

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis - (Moraxella bovis)

126
Q

What are dendritic ulcers of the cornea?

A

Branching tracts of necrosis

127
Q

What is a viral cause of dendritic ulcers?

A

FeHV-1: neutrophils infiltrate & release enzymes –> descemetocoele

128
Q

What is a melting ulcer? TQ

A

Suppurative keratomalcia

129
Q

What is the pathology of melting ulcers? TQ

A

Neutrophils infiltrate & release Proteases/collagenases liquify stroma (keratomalcia) –> descemetocoele –> perforation

130
Q

What is Equine keratomuycosis (mycotic keratitis)?

A

Opportunistic infection of Aspergillus in corneal wounds

131
Q

Why does Equine keratomycosis cause descemtocoeles?

A

Aspergillus has high affinity for descemet membrane

132
Q

What can predispose a horse to keratomycosis?

A

Long term use of antibiotics or corticosteroids

133
Q

What is pannus?

A

A non-ulcerative superficial lesion of the cornea with marked pigmentation

134
Q

What is the etiology of pannus?

A

Sun alters antigen in the cornea –>cell mediated response –> cell membrane grows across cornea

135
Q

What is canine pannus keratitis?

A

Uberreiter’s syndrome/superficial stromal keratitis

typically bilateral vascularized opacity of cornea

136
Q

What is the etiology of eosinophilic keratitis?

A

Idiopathic in cats

137
Q

What is primary KCS?

A

congenital lack of lacrimal secretions or caused by old age (dry eye)

138
Q

What is secondary KCS?

A

More common form of dry eye that arises from anything that destroys the lacrima lduct

139
Q

What is dacryodadenitits?

A

autoimmune inflammation of the lacrimal gland –> eptithelia hyperplasia –> metaplasia of cuboidal to squamous cells –> dry eye

140
Q

What is the etiology of anterior uveitis?

A

toxic damage, hematogenous infections or extention of deep corneal ulceration alters formation of aqueous = decreased IOP

141
Q

What are the lesions of anterior uveitis?

A

Hyperemia & congestion of cilliary body & iris
Aqueous flare–>exudate
Hypopyon –> white/pink/yellow flocculant sediment in aneterior chamber
Hyphemia –> blood in Ant. Chamber
Glaucoma
Keratitis punctate

142
Q

What is hyphemia? TQ

A

Blood in anterior chamber

143
Q

What is keratitis punctate?

A

adherence of inflammatory cells to posterior corneal endothelium

144
Q

What is the sequele of anterior uveitis?

A

Anterior synechia
Posterior synechia
Iris bombe

145
Q

What is anterior synechia? TQ

A

Iris adhering to cornea

146
Q

What is posterior synechia? TQ

A

Iris adhering to lens

147
Q

What do both forms of synechia lead to ?

A

Glaucoma

148
Q

What is an Iris bombe?

A

Complete posterior synechia (360) –> blocks papilary flow –> increases Posterior chamber pressure –> iris bulges –> & can attatch to anterior cornea

149
Q

What can dz conditions can have the sequele of iris bombe?

A

Ulcerative keratitis
Hematogenous Infection
Anterior Uveitis

150
Q

What is the etiology of posterior Uveitis (chordidits)?

A

Direct or hematogenous infection

151
Q

What are the lesions of posterior uveitis (chorditis)?

A

Hyperemia of cilliary body & choroid –> retinal detachment & degeneration

152
Q

What is staphyloma?

A

When Iris is incorporated into corneal stroma.

Most common w/ posterior uvitis but can happen with anterior.

153
Q

How is Stapyloma different from coloboma?

A

Lesion is off center of optic disc while it occurs at the optic disc with coloboma

154
Q

What are two sepcific examples of posterior uveitis (chorditis)?

A

Equine recurrent Uveitis (ERU) - moon blindness from repeated episodes of chroditis
Feline Idiopathic Lymphonodular uveitis

155
Q

What is the etiology of ERU/moonblindness?

A

Leptospira or onchocerca antigens have delayed reaction –> neutrophilic uveitis –> eosinophilic hyaline membrane on non-pigmented cilliary epithelium (resembles amyloid)

156
Q

What is the most common histological patter of uveitis in cats & what can cause it?

A

Feline Idiopathic lymphonodular uveitis

Lymphoplasmatic pan uveitis, FIP, FIV, FeLV, toxo & choroidal hypoplasia

157
Q

What causes primary glaucoma?

A

Bilateral decrease in drainage

158
Q

What causes congenital glaucoma?

A

abnormal development of anterior chamber

159
Q

What are the lesions of primary glaucoma?

A

goniodysgenesis - maldevelopment of trabecular meshwork where aqueous humor drains

160
Q

What is secondary glaucoma, example?

A

Secondary Unilateral blockage

Ex. Iris bombe (form of papillary blockage)

161
Q

What is retinal dysplasia?

A

failure to completely develop

162
Q

What are the lesions of retinal dysplasia?

A

cells in rosettes & granules, retinal fold & undifferentiatied photo receptors

163
Q

What is retinitis?

A

Systemic infection that causes vascularization and exudation leading to retinal degeneration

164
Q

What can acguired retinitis lead too?

A

Choroidial infection –> retinal detachment

165
Q

What infections can lead to retinitis?

A

CDV, MCF, FIP & toxo

166
Q

What is retinal degeneration?

A

retinal atrophy–> loss of photoreceptors, formation of spaces in the retina & decreased thickness of retina

167
Q

What is generalized progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)?

A

Photoreceptor dysplasia (inherited)
Rods and cones never reachmaturity
Loss of night vision leading to complete blindness

168
Q

What is central progress retinal atrophy (PRA)?

A

Pigmented epithelia degeneration (later onset)

defective removal ofshed components –> accumulation of lipofuscin –> dark macules

169
Q

What are the types of retinal detachment?

A

Congenital –> micropthalmia
Tractional –> shrinking vitreous
Exudatvie - accumulation in sub retinal space
Rhegmatougenous - peripheral sensory eptithelium tears away from ora ciliaris –> fills with exudate & looks like funnel from ora ciliaris to optic disc

170
Q

What is the most common disease of the lens?

A

Cataracts

171
Q

What can cause cataracts?

A

Hydration of lens stroma due to loss of osmoregulation from DM or congenital infection of BVD

172
Q

What are the most common occular neoplasms?

A

SCC: Primary tumor hereford cattle, sun, bovine papilloma virus (locally invasive)
Uveal Tract Melanoma: Primary tumor most common intraocular tumor of dogs
Lymphosarcoma: secondary tumor associated w/ BLV & exopthalmos most common ocular tumor is Cats

173
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Most common ear dz. Irritation –> hyperplasia of ceruminous glands

174
Q

What is the eitiology of Otitis Externa? TQ

A 
Parasites
BacT
Fungi
FB
Metabolic Disorder
Chronic Inflammation
Autoimmune Dz
175
Q

What can predispose and animal to Otitis Externa? TQ

A 
Excessive Moisture
Increased Cerumen
Anatomy of canal
Impeded Drainage
FB
Lipid rich environment
Inappropriate Treatment
176
Q

What causes auricular hematomas?

A

Trauma

177
Q

What causes auricular necrosis?

A

Infarction
Vasoconstriction
Septic emboli in pigs
Frost bite - cattle

178
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the ear and what animal is it seen in most commonly? TQ

A

Ceruminous Gland Adenoma/Carcinoma

Cats

179
Q

What can cause Otitis Media? TQ

A

Extension of otitis externa
Ascending URT infxn from nasopharynx (cat flu)
Causing nasopharyngeal polyps or hyperplastic glands

180
Q

What is the sequele of otitis media in horses? TQ

A

Salpingitis/Eustachitis –> inflammation of eustachian tubes

181
Q

What is the sequele of otitis media, empyma?

A

Accumulation of exudate in the gutteral pouch after URT Ifxn. Can involve the carotid artery by extension –> epistaxis

182
Q

What causes otitis interna?

A

suppurative infection from extension of otitis media

183
Q

What is the lesion of congenital deafness?

A

absence or degeneration of organ of corti

184
Q

What is the most prevelant type of deafness in animals? And what is the pathology?

A

Congenital
Assoc w/ piebald & merle genes –> cochlea-saccular degeneration –> collapse of walls –> secondary neuronal degeneration

185
Q

What does ototoxicity do?

A

Degenerates the vestibular sensory epithelium & organ of corti –> head tilt, atacia & nystagmus

186
Q

What can cause ototoxicity commonly? TQ

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotics–> degenerate cochlear hair cells

187
Q

What species is very susceptible to aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity? TQ

A

Cats

188
Q

What can cause peripheral vestibular dysfunction?

A

Uncontrolled otitis media destroys labyrinths of inner ear

Path 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions