Eye & Ear Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Term for abscence of the eye?
A
Anopthalmos
2
Q
Term for presence of a singla medial globe
w/in a single median orbit?
What can cause this?
A
- Cyclopia
- Veratrum alkaloids ingested @ d 14 of pregnancy
3
Q
Term for incomplete seperation, or early fusion, of paired globes.
A
Synophthalamia
4
Q
Term for an abonormally small eye?
Inherited defect in whom?
A
- Microphthalmia
- Collies
5
Q
Term for inversion of the eyelids?
A
Entropion
6
Q
Term for eversion of the eyelids?
A
Ectropion
7
Q
Term for rubbing of the eyelashes against the eye surface, resulting in local inflammation & possible ulceration.
A
Trichiasis
8
Q
Pathogenesis of Coloboma?
(seen in Charolais cattle)
A
- failure of complete fusion of the lips of the embryonic fissure resulting in a notchlike defect of the optic cup
- often occurs @ the caudal pole or ventral to the optic disc
9
Q
Etiopathogenesis of Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)?
A
- Inherited (autosomal recessive) → Collies & Shetland sheepdogs
- Abnormal choroid & retina (mesenchyme) due to improper development of the optic cup
10
Q
4 Lesions of Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)?
(TQ)
A
- Abnormal retinal vessels
- Chorio-rentinal dysplasia/hypoplasia (TQ)
- Sceral ectasia or posterior staphyloma
- + visual impairment
11
Q
Sequela of CEA?
A
- Retinal degeneration & detachment (frequent)
- Intraocular hemorrhage → hyphema
12
Q
What condition causes bloodless strands crossing the pupil to form?
Pathogenesis?
A
- Persistent Pupillary Membrane
- atrophy of anterior perilenticular vascular network
13
Q
2 Lesions of Persistent Pupillary Membrane
A
- Obstruct vision
- Corneal/lens opacity
14
Q
Lesions & Sequela of Coloboma?
A
- Sceleral ectasia → outpouching of neuroectoderm
- improper developement of optic cup
- Only causes visual defects in very severe cases
15
Q
An external hordeolum (stye) is due to suppurative adenitis of what 2 parts of the eye?
(TQ)
A
- apocrine glands of Moll
- sebaceous glands of Zeis
16
Q
An Internal Herdeolum (stye) is due to suppurative adenitis of what part of the eye?
(TQ)
A
Meilbomian gland
17
Q
Sequela of a Hordeotum?
A
stimulates a granulomatous response
18
Q
A Hordeolum is an example of what type of eyelid disease?
A
Focal blepharitis
19
Q
Pathogenesis of Chalazion?
DDX?
(form of focal blepharitis)
A
- Sterile granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland
- Meibomian gland adenoma
20
Q
List the 5 types of Diffuse Blepharitis?
A
- Ulcerative
- Allergic
- Seborrheic
- Actinic
- Parasitic
21
Q
Characteristics of Dermatomyositis of
Shetland sheepdogs?
A
- Idiopathic & autoimmune
- Erythema, crusting of nose, ears, mouth, & eyes
22
Q
What is the most common tumor of the K9 eyelid?
(accounts for 80%)
A
Meibomian gland adenoma
23
Q
What is the 2nd most common tumor of the K9 eyelid?
Malignant or Benign?
A
- Melanocytoma
- always benign
24
Q
Which species/breeds get conjunctival dermoids?
A
- Dogs → St. Bernard & Dalmation
- Cattle → Herefords
25
Where are dermoids commonly located in dogs?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* lateral canthus
* lateral limbus
26
Where are dermoids commonly located in **cattle**?
* 3rd eyelid
* Medial canthus
* Eyelid
27
Etiology of **Conjunctivitis**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* Trauma
* Allergens
* Viral → FHV-1 & IBR
* **Bact → *Moraxella* (pink eye) TQ**
* Parasites → Thelazia & Habronema
28
Lesions of **Conjunctivitis**?
* Chemosis → corneal/conjunctival edema
* Epiphora → overflow of tears
* Ocular discharge
* _+_ keratitis (depends on duration)
29
List the 3 types of **Conjunctivitis**.
* Idiopathic Eosinophilic Conjunctivitis
* Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis (NGE)
* Necrotic Scleritis
30
Which breeds of dog get
**Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis** (NGE)?
* Collie
* Shetland sheepdog
* Cockerspaniels
* Rotties
* Labs
31
Where does NGE like to occur?
* Lateral limbus → most frequent
* 3rd eyelid
32
What lesions are seen with **NGE**?
* nodular accumulation of MØs, fibroblasts
* **No collagenolysis**
* **Not many granulocytes**
33
What lesions are seen in **Necrotic Scleritis**?
* Destructive lesions
* **Collagenolysis**
* **Numerous eosinophils**
34
Which neoplasm of the conjuctiva
is most common in cattle?
SCC
| (Herefords)
35
Where is SCC often located in the **Equine** eye?
(most common conjunctival neoplasia of horses)
* limbal region
* leading edge of the 3rd eyelid → progresses to conjunctiva
36
Characteristics of **Ocular Dermoids**?
* Congenital → affects the mucous membrane
* Most common in dogs
* frequently located @ the **temporal limbus**
37
Pathology of an **Ocular Dermoid**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
defective induction of corneal epithelium by invading corneal stromal mesenchyme induces formation of **islands of skin**
38
Lesions of an **Ocular Dermoid**?
* Raised islands of skin w/ long, soft hair _OR_
* flattened plaque-like areas w/ short, stiff hair
39
Etiology of **Keratisis**
| (inflammation of the cornea)
* Injury → physical, chemical or microbial
* Extension of inflammatatory dz's deeper in the eye
40
Give the sterotypical sequence leading to **Keratitis**.
## Footnote
**TQ**
1. Edema
2. Leukocyte immigration
3. Corneal stromal vascularization
4. Fibrosis
5. Epithelial metaplasia w/ pigmentation
41
List the 4 forms & causes of the different types of Keratitis.
* **Acute**→ corneal injury, bacT/mycotic infection
* **Chronic**
* **Superficial** → corneal ulceration
* **Deep** → infection or intraocular inflammation
42
List the 2 infections commonly associated with **Ulcerative keratitis** & the species affected.
* ***Moraxella bovis* → "pink eye" → cattle** (TQ)
* FHV-1 → "dendritic" ulcers → cats
43
Lesions of **Ulcerative keratitis**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* loss of epithelium
* **tear imbibition-** TQ
* production of cytokines
* proteases → suppurative keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
* Ring abscess → cattle
* Stromal vascularization
* Fibrosis
* Epithelial metaplasia + pigmentation
44
List the progression of **Ulcerative keratitis**.
1. **Descemetocele (keratocele)** → transparent center of an ulcer **TQ**
2. Anterior synechiae → adhesion of iris to cornea
3. Corneal perforation
4. Anterior staphyloma
5. Corneal melanosis (Pigmentary keratitis)
6. Corneal fistula (rare)
45
Etiopathogenesis of **Equine Keratomycosis**?
(Mycotic keratitis)
* opportunistic *Aspergillus* infxn
* prolonged Abs or corticosteroids use
* Superficial stroma infected → no inflammation
* Deep stroma infected → corneal perforation/iris prolaspe if left untreated
46
Give 2 examples of
**superficial** **stromal non-ulcerative keratitis**
* K9 Pannus Keratitis
* Eosinophilic Keratitis
47
Etiopathogenesis of **K9 Pannus Keratits**?
("Chronic Superficial Keratitis"
"Uberreiter's Syndrome")
* GSD
* Immune mediated cell injury following prolonged exposure to UV light
* Exacerbated by dust & high altitudes
48
3 Lesions of **K9 Pannus Keratitis**?
* **Marked pigmentation**
* (NO ULCERS)
* Bilateral vascularized opacity
* Intenses mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate
49
Lesions of **Eosinophilic Keratitis**?
| (Cats \> horses)
* granular WHITE proliferative lesions on the cornea
50
What species get KCS most?
Toy breed dogs
51
Pathogenesis of **KCS ("dessication keratitis")**?
* **Xeropthalmia** (dry eye due to decreased tear production)
* Dacryoadenopathy (lacrimal atrophy)
* Idiopathic, chronic & progressive → requires TX
52
What is the difference btwn **1° & 2° KCS**?
**Primary:**
* congenital lack of lacrimal secretions
* senile atrophy
**Secondary:**
* Destruction or degeneration of lacrimal or accesory lacrimal gland
* inflammation, infection, trauma, IM, Hypovitaminosis A
53
Lesions and Sequela of **KCS**?
* decreased tear production
* thick, white, sticky, ropy mucoid exudates
* ulceration, melanosis, lipoidal dystrophy
* predisposes to developement of pannus
54
$5 word for **Non-ulcerative keratitis**?
Irdocyclitits
55
Which 2 parts of the eye are affected by
## Footnote
**Anterior uveitis or Iridocyclitis?**
* Iris
* Ciliary body
56
Which 2 parts of the eye are affected by
**Posterior Uveitits or Choroiditis**?
* Choroid
* Ciliary body
57
Etiology of **Anterior Uveitis**?
* 1° entry following toxic damage
* localization of hematogenous infections
* extension from neighboring structures (deep corneal ulceration)
58
Pathogenesis of **Anterior Uveitits** (Iridocyclitits)?
* Neutrophil damage leading to a range of responses
* Corneal opacity (blue eye)
59
Lesions of **Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitits)**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* Keratitis puncta → stippled appearance
* **Hypopyon** → yellow/white/pink floccular sediment in the anterior chamber (
* **Hyphema** → presence of blood or neutrophils in anterior chamber
* **Aqueous fare** → accumulation of fibrin & inflamm cells → cloudy appearance
60
Sequela of **Iridocyclitits (Anterior Uveitis)?**
## Footnote
**TQ**
* Glaucoma → increased IOP
* Lens luxation
* **Anterior synechia** → adhesion of iris to cornea
* **Posterior synechia** → adhesion of iris to lens
* Atrophy of iris
* Cataract
61
Characteristics of **Granulomatous uveitis**?
* "mutton-fat" keratic precipitates
* localized exudative response
* adheres to corneal epithelium
62
What are the characteristics of **Phthisis bulbi**?
* "end stage eye" → severe opthalmitis
* hypotonic
* shrunken
* disorganized
63
Lesions of **Posterior Uveitits** (Choroiditis)?
* Marked exudation
* Retinal degeneration/detachment
* Atrophy/proliferation of chorodial pigment cells
64
Give 3 examples of **Idiopathic Lymphonodular Uveitis**
& their characteristics.
* **Feline Idiopathic Lymphonodular Uveitis**
* most frequent histo pattern seen in cats
* FIV, FIP, FeLV & *Toxoplamsa*
* **K9 Lymphocytic Uveitis**
* most frequent histo pattern seen in dogs
* **Uveodermatologic Syndrome**
* Akitas, Siberian huskies, Samoyeds
* T-lymphoctes mediated destruction
65
What is the route of normal **aqeuous flow** in the eye?
ciliary body → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → iridocorneal angle
66
Pathogenesis of **Congenital glaucoma**?
Abnormal development of anterior chamber
67
Characteristics of **Primary Glaucoma**?
* Cocker spaniels
* malformation of the filtration angle
* **Goniodysgenesis** → detectable maldevelopment of Trabecular meshwork
* Open-angle glaucoma → beagles
68
Characteristics of **Secondary Glaucoma**?
* 2° to obstruction of aqueous flow through the pupil
* Papillary block
* Trabecular occlusion
69
Sequela of **Glaucoma**?
* **Buphthalmos → thinning of sclera**
* corneal changes
* atrophy of iris & ciliary processes
* problems w/ the lens
* retinal degeneration
* optic n. changes
70
Pathogenesis of **Retinal Dysplasia**?
This dz is spontaneous in what breeds?
* faulty differentiation of the retina (photoreceptor cells) w/ proliferation of 1 or more of its constintuents
* Terriers & spaniels
71
What are the lesions of **retinal dysplasia**?
* Rosettes of neuronal retinal cells
* retinal folds
72
Eitology of **2º (acquired)** **Retinal Dysplasia**
* **Hypovitaminosis A**
* **In-utero viral infections (BVD, Blue tongue)**
* intra-uterine trauma
* X-ray irradation
* some drugs
73
Etiology of **Retinitis**?
* **Systemic infection** → K9 Distemper
* **Ocular toxoplasmosis**
* **Choroidal infection** → Chorioretinitis → retinal detachment
74
Lesions of **Retinitits**
* Neuronal degeneration
* Gliosis
* Pervascular cuffing
* Blindness
75
Pathogenesis of **Retinal detachment**?
* Degenerative changes in the retina → loss of photoreceptors
* Formation of spaces w/in the retina
* Decreased thickness of neurosensory retina = **"retinal atrophy"**
76
What is the etiology of **Retinal Degeneration**?
* **Nutritional**
* **Hypo Vit. A**→ night blindness
* **Hypo Vit. E**→ lipid peroxidation + lipofuscin
* **Taurine (CATS)** → membrane integrity
* **Hereditary** → most important in **DOGS**
77
_Describe the differences btwn_:
Photoreceptor DYSPLASIA &
Photoreceptor DEGENERATION
* **Dysplasia**
* Early onset
* Generalized PRA
* **Degeneration**
* Late onset
* Central PRA
78
Etiology of **K9 Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)?**
* Inherited (recessive)
* Irish setters, Min/Toy Poodles, Cocker spaniels
* Photoreceptors never reach maturity
79
What is the Etiology of
**Central K9 Progressive Rential Atrophy**?
* Inherited (dominant)
* Collies, Labs, English Springers
* Abnormality in retinal pigment epithelium
* Defective phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment → Lipofuscin
80
Describe the pathogenesis of
**Generalized** K9 Progressive Retinal Atrophy?
1. Rods → outer, nuclear layer → night blindess
2. Progressive loss of inner nuclear cells
3. Degeneration of pigment epithelium
4. Disappearance of retinal vessels → total blindness
81
Describe that pathogenesis of
**Central** K9 Progressive Retinal Atrophy.
(defective phagocytosis→ lipfuscin deposits)
1. Pigmented epithelial cells → **Macules**
2. Lesions in the center of eye
* peripheral vision is maintained
3. Disappearance of retinal vessels → **total blindness**
82
Pathogenesis of **Retinal Detachment**?
* seperation of the neurosensory retina (inner) from the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium; outside)
* Retina is ONLY attached @ the optic disk & ora serrata
83
Etiopathogenesis of **Retinal Detachment**?
* **Congenital** → non-attachment → microphthalmia
* **Tractional** → pulled away due to contraction of cyclitic membrane
* **Exudative** → fluid or inflammatory exudate acculumates
* **Rhegmatogenous**→ neurosensory retina tares away **→** leakage of liquefied vitreous
84
Lesions of **Retinal Detachment**?
* posteriorly affected "funnel"
* Separation of neurosensory retina from RPE
* Degeneration/necrosis
85
What are the effects of Hypo Vit A
on young and adult animals?
* **Young**→ bone proplems
* **Adult** → photoreceptor degeneration → poor night vision or night blindness
* retinol + opsin = rhodopsin (visual pigment)
86
**Taurine** is essential for what in Cats?
membrane integrity of the retina
87
What type of blindness does
**Bracken fern toxicity** cause?
Why?
* Bright blindness
* due to degeneration of rods, cones, & outer nuclear layer of the retina
88
What is the term describing complete abscence of the lens?
Aphakia
89
What is the term describing an abnormally small lens?
Microphkia
90
What is the term for an abnormal spherical lens?
Spherophakia
91
What is the term for abnormal location of the lens?
Ectopic lens
92
What is the term for absence of a portion of the lens?
Lenticular coloboma
93
What is the term for localized bulging of the lens capsule and underlying cortex?
Lenticonus or Lentiglobus
94
Increased lens opacity (catarct) is the result of increased hydration due to alterations in what 3 things?
* nutrition
* metabolism
* osmotic balance of the lens
95
Etiopathogenesis of **Congenital Cataracts**.
* Inherited or prenatal dz (BVD)
* adherance of vascular structures to posterior lens capsule
96
What is a common way that an animal gets
**Aquired Catarcts**?
* Due to Diabetes mellitus
* excessive glucose → sorbitol → sucks H2O into the lens
97
**Herefords** get what type **ocular neoplasm**?
SCC
98
What is the most common **intraocular tumor in dogs**?
Anterior Uveal Melanocytoma
99
What ocular neoplasm accounts for
50% of eyelid tumors in dogs?
Meibomian Gland Adenoma/Epithelioma
100
What species gets the ocular form of Lymphosarcoma?
What can it cause?
* Cats
* exophthalmos (proptosis)
101
Eye disorders associated with **Equines**?
| (3)
* Equine keratomycosis (mycotic keratitis)
* Eosinophilic keratitis
* Equine recurrent uveitis
102
Eye disorders associated with Ruminants?
(2)
* Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits
* SCC
103
Eye disorders associated with **Dogs**?
| (5)
* K9 pannus keratitis
* Collie eye anomaly
* K9 Progressive Retinal Atrophy
* photoreceptor dysplasias
* photoreceptor degenerations
* K9 Anterior Uveal Melanocytomas
* Meibomian adenomas
104
Eye disorders of **Cats**?
| (3)
* Feline herpetic keratitis
* Eosinophilic keratitis
* FIP-associated uveitits
105
Etiology of **Otitis externa**?
**(TQ**)
* Parasites
* Sarcoptes → dogs
* Otodectes → cats
* Bacteria
* Fungi→ *Malassezia,* Pachydermatitis
* FBs
* Metabolic disorders→ chronic ceruminous otitis externa
* Chronic inflammation→ distortion of pinna
* Autoimmune → Pemphigus foliaceus
106
How do parasites cause **Otitis externa**?
local trauma, mechanical irritation or hypersensitivity→
* hair loss
* thickening/fissuring of pinna
* pruritis
107
**Chronic Ceruminous Otitis externa**
is due to what 2 metabolic disorders?
Lesions seen?
* **HYPOthyroidism** → decreased immune response
* **HYPERestrogenism** → alopecia, hyperpigmentation, myelotoxicity
108
Lesions of **Pemiphigus folaiceus** in relation to the ear?
pustules & crusts
109
List the 6 predisposing factors to **Otitis externa**?
* Excessive moisture
* Nature of ear canal
* Impeded drainage
* FBs
* Lipid-rich environment
* Inappropriate TX of Otitis media
110
Gross lesions of **Chronic Otitis externa**?
(3)
**TQ**
* Exudative
* Fibrosis
* **Narrowed lumen**
111
Lesions of **Severe Otitis externa**?
## Footnote
**TQ**
* **partial deafness**
* infection spreads to the middle ear
112
**Auricular necrosis** is due to what?
| (necrosis of the tip of the pinna)
* Ergot poisioning→ cattle
* Thrombois during septicemia → pigs
* Trauma
113
What is a common sequela to solar dermatitis in cats?
SCC
| (white eared are more susceptible)
114
**What is the most common neoplasm of the ear?**
Does it metastasize?
**(TQ)**
* **Ceruminous gland adenomas/carcinomas**
* common in cats
* it can
115
Eitology of **Otitis media**
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* **Extension of infection from external ear**
* through tympanic membrane
* **from nasopharynx (URT)** =TQ
* **Hematogenous** (uncommon)
* **Bacteria**
* *A. pyogenes*
* *Pasteurella*
* *Pseudomonas*
116
Lesions of **Otitis media**?
congestion/exduate into tympanic cavity
117
Lesions associated with **Otitis media**?
* **Eustachitits**/Salpingitis → inflammation of Eustachian tubes
* **Nasopharyngeal polyps**
* Fibrosis of ear ossicles → **deafness**
* **Vestibular dz.**
* **Guttural pouch mycosis** (horses)
* **Osteomyelitis & osteolysis of osseous septa** (calf/pig)
118
Sequela of **Guttaral Pouch Mycosis in Equines**?
* adjacent INTERNAL carotid artery → arteritis & rupture → hemorrhage into guttarl pouch
119
Etiology of **Otitis interna** (**labyrinthitis**)?
(TQ)
* **Suppurative infection**
* otitis media
* URT infection
* **Hematogenous**
* Bacteria
120
Sequela of **Otits interna (labyrinthitis)**?
5
* deafness
* nystagmus
* meninoencephalitis
* neuritis of portions of CrN7
* Temporal osteomyelitis
121
Characteristics of **Vestibular Dz**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
1. head tilt
2. falling TOWARD affected side
3. Ataxia W/O weakness
4. Nystagmus
122
Etiology of **Central Vestibular Dz**?
* **Brain**
* Listeriosis
* K9 distemper
* **Vestibular apparatus**
* **Both**
123
Etiology of **Peripheral Vestibular Dz**?
| (7)
* Uncontrolled otitis externa
* **Labyrinthitis** (sequela to otitis media)
* trauma
* invasive neoplasms
* drugs
* congenital
* idiopathic (old dogs/cats)
124
What 2 genes are linked to
**Congenital/Hereditary Deafness**?
Which breeds?
* **Merle gene** (DOMINANT gene)
* Collie, Shelties, Harlequin Great Dane
* Piebald gene
* White Bull terries, white cats, dalmations
125
Etiology of absence/degeneration of the Organ of Corti (most prevalent type of deafness in animals)?
associated with white coat color due to lack of pigment
(NOT albinism)
126
Lesions of **Congenital/Hereditary Deafness**?
* Atrophy → cochleosaccular degeneration
* Collaspe of walls of chochlea & saccular membrane
* 2° degeneration of neurons
127
Etiology of **Conductive Deafness** (aquired)
* Otitis externa
* otitis media
128
List the 4 **Toxic** causes of
**Peripheral Aquired deafness** which lead to loss of inner/outer hair cells on the cochlea?
**(TQ)**
* Aminoglycosides
* Loop diuretics
* Salicylates
* Analgesics
129
How does **loud noise** lead to
peripheral aquired deafness?
degeneration/necrosis of hair cells on the cochlea
130
What is the term for loss of sensory hair cells that leads to peripheral acquired deafness?
Presbyacusis
131
How does **B-mannosidosis** in **Goats** lead to
**peripheral acquired deafness**?
accumulation of oligosaccharides w/in lysosomes of tissues in the middle/inner ear→ vacuolation of hair cells
132
Etiology of **Ototoxicity**?
(6)
** **
* **Chemical agents**
* **Aminoglycoside** antibiotics → CATS
* **Diurectics** → CATS & DOGS
* **Aspirin**
* **Hygromycin B**
* permanent deafness → dogs
* catarcts → pigs
* **Savlon**
* dogs or cats W/ a ruptured tympanic membrane
133
Which areas of the ear are especially suspectible to ototoxicity?
* Vestibular epithelium
* organ of Corti
134
Lesions of Ototoxicity?
* deafness
* vestibular dysfunction
