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Hematopoetic (KP) Flashcards

1
Q

What cells do combined immunodeficiency disorders (CIDS) affect? TQ

A 
Both Humoral (B cells)
and Cell mediated immunity (T cells)
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2
Q

What breed does equine CID affect, eitology & sequele?

A

Arabians
Inherited
Failure of function of B and T lymphocyte production

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3
Q

Who gets XSCID? What is the sequele?

A

Dogs- bassets & welsh corgis

Males lack mature functional T lymphocites, low IgG & IgA w/ normal IgM

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4
Q

What do degenerative Thymus disorders result in?

A

Variable degrees of aquired immunodefeciency

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5
Q

What are the degenerative disorders of the Thymus?

A

Atrophy
Loss of Architecture
Lymphocyto-lysis
Reduced lymphocyte populations

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6
Q

What neoplastic disease of the Thymus affects young animals?

A

Thymic Lymphoma

T-lymphocyte neoplasm

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7
Q

What is thymoma?

A

Thymic epithelial cell neoplasm w/ mix of non-neoplastic lymphocytes.

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8
Q

Are thymoma’s benign or malignant, what age animal do they occur in?

A

Usually Benign

Seen in older animals

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9
Q

What other dz’s are associated with thymomas? (TQ)

A

Myasthenia gravis +/- megaesophagus

Immune mediated polymyositis

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10
Q

What causes thymic hemorrahage and hematomas,?
What species?
Sequele?

A

Trauma, ruptured aortic aneurisms, Rodenticide poisoning
Dogs
Sudden hypovolemic shock

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11
Q

What are the two types of physical injury could happen to the spleen? TQ

A

Rupture-HBC, neoplasm rupture (hemangio(sarco)ma/lymphosarcoma), Splenomegaly
Torsion- strangulation of pole pigs, GDV dogs

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12
Q

What are the three types of splenic degeneration and necrosis?

A

Siderofibrosis
Amyloidosis
Hemosiderosis

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13
Q

What is siderfibrosis, the lesions and who gets it?

A

Sidero-calcific plaques of capsule “gamna-Gandy bodies
Fibrosis of capsule, hemosiderosis, granular encrustations
Aged dogs

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14
Q

What is amyloidosis & lesions?

A

“Sago Spleen”

Prominent white pulp

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15
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

Pigmentation from hemosiderin (storage form of iron)

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16
Q

Eitology of hemosiderosis?

A 
Breakdown of RBC's
Decrease erythropoiesis = less iron demand
hemolytic anemia
chronic heart failure
Iron dextran injection pigs
Hemorrhage (trauma)
Hematomas,infarcts
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17
Q

What type of atrophy of the spleen is frequent in old dogs?

A

Nodular Hyperplasia

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18
Q

When does extramedulary hematopoiesis happen in the spleen?

A

Young animals = normal

compensatory in anemia

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19
Q

What can lead to uniform splenomegally with a bloody consistency “bloody spleen”?

A

Congestion- torsion, barbituate, euthanasia, sedation
Acute hyperemia- septicimia, inflammation
Acute hemolytic anemia- babesiosis, EIA

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20
Q

What can lead to uniform splenomegaly with a firm consistency “meaty spleen”? TQ

A 
Chronic hemolytic anemia (EIA)
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
Chronic infectious Dz
Lympohid hyperplasia
Bacteremia & low septicemia
Neoplasia (primary)
Splenic myeloid mataplasia, histocytosis
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21
Q

What can lead to nodular spenomegaly with bloody nodules?

A

Hematoma from lymphoid hyperplastic nodules or splenic vascular neoplasms
Incomplete contraction
Acute infarcts (wedge shaped)

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22
Q

What can lead to nodular splenomegaly with firm nodules?

A 
Nodular hyperplasia- lymphoid
Primary neoplasms
Metastatic neoplasms
Abscesses- acute infectious dz
Granulomas- chronic infectious dz
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23
Q

What are the main causes of small spleens?

A

Developmental anomalies
Aging changes
Wasting &/or cachectic Dz
Splenic contraction

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24
Q

What is damaged in wasting &/or Cachectic Dz of spleen? TQ

A

Atropy of T-lymphocyte areas

Little-no effect on B lymphocytes

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25
Q

What are the Neoplastic Dz of the spleen?

A

Lymphoma
Hemangioma
Hemangiosarcoma
Metastatic Neoplasms

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26
Q

What are the 3 ways lymph nodes response to injury?

A

Hyperplastic changes
Atrophic Changes
Inflammation

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27
Q

What are the 5 things that can cause small lymphnodes?

A 
Developmental disorders (SCID)
Lack of antigenic stimulation
Cachexia & malnutrition
Aging
Viral
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28
Q

What is the sequele of Cachexia & malnutrition on lymphnodes? TQ

A

Smaller than normal LN

Atrophy of T areas –> decrease in T lymphocytes with little to no effect on B-lymphocytes

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29
Q

What are the agents and sequele of Viral infections on lymphnodes? TQ

A

Lymphocytolysis (BVDV, CDV)
Stimulate Lymphiod Tissue (Maedi-Visna, MCFV)
Neoplasia (FLV, BLV, Marek’s)
Atrophy (FIV)

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30
Q

What are the 3 causes of enlarged lymphnodes?

A

Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Lymphadenitis
Neoplasa

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid hyperplasia? TQ

A

Follicular (B-lymphocytes)

Diffuse (T-lymphocytes)

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32
Q

What are the two types of Lymphadenitis?

A

Acute

Chronic

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33
Q

What are the two types of Chronic Lymphadenitis?

A 
Chronic Suppurative (active)
Chronic Granulomatous
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34
Q

What are the 2 types of Chronic Granulomatous and their etiological agents?

A

Focal granulomatous - tuberculosis (pearls dz), Crptococcus, Actinobacillus
Diffuse Granulomatous- Histoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis, Johne’s dz (non caseating) “M paratuberculoisis”

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35
Q

What is the most common primary neoplasm of LN?

A

Lymphocarcoma

malignant cells cause loss of architecture in cortex & medulla

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36
Q

What are two substances observed in LN?

A

Chyle (post prandial)

Gas emphysema

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37
Q

What growth disturbance of the LN is an important cause of lymphadenopathy?

A

Hyperplasia

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38
Q

What are the 4 types of hyperplasia of the LN?

A

Follicular & diffuse lyphoid hyperplasia
Acute lymphadenitis
Chronic lymphadenitis
Neoplasia (primary & metastatic)

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39
Q

What is the difference microscopically between LN Neoplasia of the LN & Lymphoma? TQ

A

Neoplasia - Lack of capsular invasion & preservastion of architecture
Lymphoma- Capsular invasion & loss of architecture

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40
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma in cattle? TQ

A

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (BLV)

Sporadic Bovine Leukosis

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41
Q

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis affects cattle of what age? TQ

A

Adults 4-8 years

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42
Q

What virus is responsible for Enzootic Bovine Leukosis? TQ

A

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) a retrovirus

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43
Q

What locations in cattle will you find the lesions of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis? TQ

A 
"HAULS"
Heart
Abomasum
Uterus
LN
Spinal Canal
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44
Q

Sporadic Bovine Leukosis affects cattle of what age group? TQ

A

Young animals

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45
Q

Is Sporadic Bovine Leukosis associated with BLV?

A

No

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46
Q

What is the age group & distribution of calf/juvenile type of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?

A

Calves up to 6 months old

Multicentric

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47
Q

What is the age group of calves affected with Thymic type Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?

A

1-2 year olds

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48
Q

What is the age group and lesion of cutaneous sporadic bovine leukosis?

A

2-3 year old cattle

skin nodules

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49
Q

What is the presentation of horses with lymphoma?

A 
Variable
Multicentric
Alimentary
Cutaneous
Splenic
Abdominal
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50
Q

What is the most common presentation of lymphoma in dogs? TQ

A

Multicentric LN, Liver Spleen bone marrow

Unusual presentation b/c Normal architecture is present but cortex/medulla is obliterated

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51
Q

What causes lymphoma in cats & how does it present?

A 
FeLV
Multicentric
Alimentary
Thymic
Miscellanous
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52
Q

Bone Marrow Response to injury?

A

Abnormal
Proliferation
Concentration
Structure or function

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53
Q

What is aplastic anemia? TQ

A

A type of abnormal proliferation leading to the absence of a particular hemopoietic lineage

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54
Q

What is the absence of all hemopoietic lineages?

A

Aplastic pancytopenia

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55
Q

What can cause aplastic anemia?

A

Chemicals

Infections

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56
Q

What chemicals cause aplastic anemia?

A 
Phenylbutazone (horse, dog)
Bracken Fern (cattle, sheep)
Estrogen (dogs)
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57
Q

What type of infections casue aplastic anemia?

A 
Non-regenerative Anemia
Ehrlichiosis--> BM hypoplasia
FeLV--> affects precurser cells
EIA-->cyclic infection
Cytauxzoon felis-->excellerated RBC destruction/removal
Other
Parvo
FIV--> anemia from concurrent dz
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58
Q

Whate is neoplasia of bone marrow called and where does it occur?

A

Leukemia

From bone marrow hematopoietic cells

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59
Q

How is Leukemia classified?

A 
Cell of origion 
Lymphocytic (outside BM)
Myelogenous (non-lymphoid origon)
Degree of differentiation
Acute- poorly
Chronic- well
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60
Q

What is Myelophthisis? TQ

A

Replacement of hematopoietic tissue in BM by fibrous tissue, malignant cells or granulomas

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61
Q

What causes serous atrophy of fat in BM?

A

Cachexia/Starvation = gelatinous transformaiton

BM reticular cells produce a mucoid substance. But hemoatopoietic cells & fat still found in BM

62
Q

What is lethal gray collie disease?

A

Cyclic Hematopoiesis –> inherited disorder of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

63
Q

What is cytopenia?

A

Deficiency of blood cells

64
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

decrease in all hemopoietic cells

65
Q

When do hematopoietic cells deplete in Aplastic cytopenia (aplastic anemia)?

A

Neuts–>1wk
Platlets–>2wks
RBC’s–>months

66
Q

What is persistent lymphocytosis?
What species do you see it in?
What causes it?TQ

A

Non-neoplastic hyperplasia of B-lymphocytes. Increases risk of developing B-lymphocyte lymphoma
Cattle (30% get lymphocytosis w/in 3 months)
BLV infections

67
Q

Poikilocytosis?

A

Abnormally shaped RBC’s

68
Q

What are Toxic changes you would see in hematopoetic cells?

A 
increased cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle Bodies: sm blue/grey cytoplasmic inclusions of aggregated endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic vaculations (severe)
69
Q

What is Pelger-Huet Anomaly (PHA)?

A

Lack of normal segmentation in nucleous of mature granulocytes (look immature)

70
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of PHA?

A

Autosomal dominant w/ incomplete penetrance
Hets–>not pathogenic
Homo–>skeletal abnormalities, stillbirths, early mortality, granulocytes have round/oval nuclei

71
Q

What is pseudo-PHA?

A

Aquired reversible condition that mimics the real thing

72
Q

What does Pseudo PHA cause?

A

Hypocoagulability
Hypercoagulability
Disorders of hemostasis

73
Q

What type of bleeds happen with disorders of primary hemostasis?

A

Small bleeds

74
Q

What type of bleeds happen with disorders of secondary hemostasis?

A

Big bleeds

75
Q

What does intravascular hemolysis cause?

A

hemoglobinemia
hemoglobinuria
billirubinuria
Jaundice/Icterus

76
Q

What are the immune mediated disorders of RBC’s (3)

A

Primary IMHA
Secondary IMHA
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

77
Q

What is the eitiology of Primary IMHA?

A

Idiopathic

IgG>IgM

78
Q

What is secondary IMHA secondary to? (6)

A 
Infection
Drugs
Chemicals
Vax
Neoplasia
Bee sting
79
Q

How does Neonatal Isoerythrolysis occur?

A

Colostrum derived maternal Ab react with newborn erythrocytes.

80
Q

What is babesia?

A

An intracellular Protoazoal parasite

81
Q

How does babesia cause hemolysis?

A

Extravascular hemolysis via immune mediated RBC destruction or oxidative damage.
Intravascular hemolysis via protozoal proteases

82
Q

What are the lesions of babesiosis

A

Splenomegaly
Jaundice, hemoglobinuria
Hemorrhage
Gallbladder distended with thick bile (choleostasis)

83
Q

What is cytauxzoon felis?

A

A protozal parisite of cats that causes severe, fatal dz.

84
Q

What does the scizogenouse phase of C. felis do?

A

schizont–>macrophage–>occlude veins–>Ischemia

85
Q

What does the Erythrocyte phase of C. felis do?

A

IV merozoites–>RBC’s__>Immune mediated EV hemolysis

86
Q

What type of anemia can C. Felis cuse?

A

Normocytic, Normochromic Nonregenerative anemia

87
Q

CS of C. felis?

A

Acute illness & fever
pallor–>icterus
Death with in 2-3 days

88
Q

Do trypanosoma spp infect RBC’s?

A

No but cause immune mediated EV hemolysis

89
Q

What is the trifecta of CS with Babesia, Anaplasma & hemotropic mycoplasma?

A

Pallor–>icterus
Splenomegaly
distended gallbaldder

90
Q

What kind of parasite are Anaplasma species?

A

Rickettsial agents

Intracellular

91
Q

What Bacteria causes fatal hemolytic anemia? TQ

A

Clostridium

92
Q

How does Clostridium spp cause anemia? TQ

A

Bacterial toxins from the clostridium cause acute hemolysis

93
Q

What causes bacillary hemoglobinuria “red water” in cattle? TQ

A

Clostridium

94
Q

What causes yellow lamb dz?

A

CLostridium perfringens type A (enterotoxemic jaundice)

95
Q

Co-infection with liver flukes and one of these two types of bacteria can cause release if hemolytic toxins? TQ

A

CLostridium haemolyticum

Clostriium novyi type D

96
Q

Hemotropic mycoplama is what kind of parasite and causes what?

A

Epicellular parasite–> invaginations of RBC surface

Immune mediated EV hemolysis

97
Q

Leptospira spp. cause what type of hemolysis?

A

Extravascular hemolysis via immune mediated

Intravascular hemolysis via enzymatic (phospholypase production)

98
Q

What agents cause Intravascular hemolysis?

A 
Babesia
CLostridium
Lepto
EIA
HYPO-P
Water Intox
Acute PFK deficency
99
Q

What are the CS of Acute EIA? TQ

A

Thrombocytopenia
Anemia
Fever

100
Q

What are the CS of chronic EIA?

A

Icterus
Lymphadenopathy
“meaty spleen”

101
Q

What type of anemia does EIA cause?

A

Cyclic nature of virus produces bouts of regen and non-reg anemia

102
Q

What types of hemolysis does EIA cause?

A

EV

IV-acute form

103
Q

How does EIA produce it’s CS?

A

Anemia–> decress in erythropoiesis b/c of inflammation

Thrombocytopenia–> 2 to immune mediated destruction (acute)

104
Q

What cells does FeLV infect? TQ

A

Hematopoetic precursor cells–> nonregenerative anemia

105
Q

Other than anemia what else does FeLV cause?

A

Immunosuppresion–> Infections
Bonemarrow disorders
Lymphosarcoma

106
Q

Does FIV cause anemia?

A

Not from FIV but from concurrent dz

107
Q

What do oxidative agents do to RBC’s?

A

Heinz Bodies

EV & IV hemolysis

108
Q

What are the oxydative agents in horses?

A

Red maple toxicity

phnothiazine

109
Q

What are the oxidative agents of ruminants?

A

Brassica spp.
Nitrite toxicity–>methemogloninemia
Copper Tox–> acute IV hemolytic anemia

110
Q

What oxidative agents for dogs?

A

Acetaminophen

111
Q

What are oxidative agents to all species?

A

Onions & garlic

112
Q

What nutritional deficiencies can cause anemia?

A

Iron–> 2 to chronic hemorrhage
Hypophosphatemic hemolytic anemia–>IV in post parturient cows
Water intox–> calves IV osmotic hemolysis

113
Q

What erythropoietic porphyrias cause an accumulation of porphyrin?

A

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria

Bovine Erythropoietic protoporphyria

114
Q

What is congenital erythropoietic porphyria and what does it do?

A

Disorder of porphyrin synthesis
Red/brown discoloration of teeth/bone/urine
Photosentitization
Hemolytic anemia

115
Q

What is Bovine Erythropoietic protoporphyria and what does it cause?

A

Disorder of HEME synthetase

Photsentitization only

116
Q

Who gets Pyruvate Kinase deficiency (PK)?

A

Basejis
Abyssinian
Somali
DSH

117
Q

What is the consequence of of PK?

A

glycolytic enzyme= decrease in ATP–>decreased RBC fxn & lifespan–>EV hemolysis=ANEMIA

118
Q

What is the consequence of of PKK?

A

Dogs: progressive myelofiborsis, Osteosclerosis, hemo derosis
Cats: favorablr prognosis, NO osteosclerosis

119
Q

Who gets Phosphofructokinase defcency (PFK)?

A

English SPringer & Cocker Spaniels

120
Q

What is the consequence of of PFK?

A

glycolytic enzyme=decreased ATP, Increased fragility under alkaline conditions

121
Q

What is the consequence of of PFK?

A

NO anemia, chrinic EV hemolysis & marked reticulocytosis, hypervetilation causes alkalemia–>acute IV hemolysis

122
Q

Which (PFK or PK) gives anemia? TQ

A 
PK= Anemia
PFK= No Anemia
123
Q

What causes Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis? (EGE)

A

Intracellular BacT Anaplasma phagocytophilum

124
Q

What does EGE casue?

A

Morulae in Neut cytoplasm

Seasonal Necrotizinf vasculitis

125
Q

What is Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency (LAD)?

A

Inherited fatal contition

Defeciency of B2 chain of Leuk integrin impairs migration causing Severe Neutrophilia in blood

126
Q

Who gets LAD?

A

Holstein (BLAD) and Irish Setters

127
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?

A

CHS inheritied by cow, persians and blue/silver fox

128
Q

What does CHS cause?

A

Decreased immunity–>neutropenia
Platlet dysfxn –> thrombocytopenia –>bleeding
Ocular/cutaneous HYPO pigmentation
Cytoplasmic inclusions in blood cells

129
Q

What is the infectious agent of potomac horse fever?

A

Ehrlichia risticii

130
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PHF?

A

Infects monocytes & enterocytes–>diarrheal Dz

131
Q

What are the 3 main CS of Ehrlichia canis? TQ

A

Thrombocytopenia
Anemia–>non regen from bone marrow hypoplasia
Leukopenia

132
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ehrlichia canis? TQ

A

Infects mononuclear cells & vascular endothelium –>vasculitis

133
Q

What is hemophagocytic syndrome and who gets it?

A

Cats and Dogs
Prolif of non-neoplastic well differenciated but highly erythrophagic macrophages
2 to cytokines from other dz

134
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome?

A

Macs in high # in BM, LN, spleen & liver
Cytopenia of 2 or more cell lines
Splenomegaly lymphadenopathy & bleeding tendencies

135
Q

What is the eitiology of immune mediated thrombocytopenia?

A

2 to Infection, drugs, neoplasia or other IM Dz’s

136
Q

What is Evans Syndrome?

A

IMT + IMHA

137
Q

What is infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?

A

Anaplasma Platys–> infects platletes and increases destruciton

138
Q

How does BVDV cause thrombocytopenic hemorrhage syndrome?

A

infects bone marrow megakaryocytes and circulating platelets impairing function.

139
Q

How does FeLV cause thrombocytopenia?

A

Infects hematopoietic cells causing thrombocytopenia & thrombocytosis, platelets are larger with less fxn.
direct cytopathic effects, myelophthisis, & IM destrction

140
Q

What is the primary inherited platelet function disorder?

A

Chediak-higashi syndrome

141
Q

What is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder? TQ

142
Q

Does vWD cause thrombocytopenia? TQ

143
Q

What are the types of vWD?

144
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vWD?

A

Type 1: Low vWF, normal multimer proportions, mild-mod bleeding
Type 2: Low vWF Absence of Lrg multimers, Mod-severe bleeding
Type 3: Absence of vWF–>severe bleeding

145
Q

What is lymphosarcoma?

A

diverse group of malignancies arising in lymphoid tissue outside of the bone marrow

146
Q

What coagulation factors are Vit K dependant?

A

2, 7, 9, 10

147
Q

What is DIC?

A

A concumptive coagulopathy: continuous activation of both coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways

148
Q

What is the sequele of DIC?

A

Initial: hypercoagulobilities–>thrombosis & infarction
Subsequently: hypocoagulabilities–>hemorrhage

149
Q

What coagulation factors are nonfunctional in hemophilia A & B?

A

A: VIII (8)
B: IX (9)

150
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of hemophilia A & B?

A

Both are X linked so carrier females are asymptomatic

Path 2 (6 decks)

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