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Path final outline - hemolymph Flashcards

1
Q

Combined Immunodeficiencey Disorders affects _____ (TQ)

A

Humoral (B cell) and Cell Mediated (T cell) Immunity

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2
Q

Viral acquired immunodeficiency causes ______ –> ______

A

Causes Lymphocytolysis leading to loss of architecture of the thymus

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3
Q

Inhibit cell division

A

Chemotherapeutic Agents

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4
Q

A 14 m old heifer presents with a large swelling in the brisket area and dyspnea. What is the most likely diagnosis for this heifer?

A

Bovine Thymic Lymphoma

(Not caused by BLV)

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5
Q

Thymic lymphoma targets which age group

A

Young Animals Bovine- 6-24m Feline- ?

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6
Q

Agent responsible for causing Feline thymic lymphoma

A

FeLV

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7
Q

Thymoma usually affects what age group? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Seen in older animals Usually benign

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8
Q

You perform a FNA on a lump. You observe non-neoplastic lymphocytes with lots of round to spindle shaped epithelia cells. What is your dx?

A

Thymoma

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9
Q

What is Thymoma associated with? (TQ)

A

Myasthenia Gravis and Immune Mediated Polymyositits

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10
Q

White pulp of spleen refers to __ Red pulp of spleen refers to __

A

White pulp - lymphoid tissue Red pulp - blood filled sinusoids

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11
Q

What can cause/pre-dispose spleen to rupture? (TQ)

A

Hit by car and splenomegaly

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12
Q

Little pieces of spleen all over the abdominal cavity

A

Splattered spleen syndrome

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13
Q

Pathognomonic signs of GDV in the spleen

A

Torsion, congested splenomegaly, and V-shape

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14
Q

What are Gamna-Gandy bodies? In which pathological condition are they observed?

A

Sidero-calcific plaques of capsule seen with Siderofibrosis of the spleen

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15
Q

Where does pathologic rupture of the spleen occur? (TQ)

A

Occur at sites of infarction, splenomegaly predisposes

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16
Q

Siderofibrosis usually occurs in ___

A

aged dogs

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17
Q

Lesions of Siderofibrosis

A

Fibrosis of capsule; Hemosiderosis (iron overload); granular, white-yellow, firm, dry, encrustations on capsule

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18
Q

Siderofibrosis indicates ___

A

previous hemorrhage

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19
Q

Upon necropsy of a 10 yr old mixed, large breed dog, you find hypertrophic nodules of red or white pulp. What could this be?

A

Nodular hyperplasia

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20
Q

Storage form of iron

A

Hemosiderin

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21
Q

What condition is known as “meaty spleen”

A

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis (EMH)

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22
Q

Lesions of Extramedulaary Hematopoiesis

A

Megakaryocytes, Myeloid & Erythroid precursors, “Meaty Spleen”

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23
Q

Uniform splenomegaly w/bloody consistency –> Bloody spleen that oozes on cut surface due to: ____

A

Congestion(torsion or barbiturates); Hyperemia (septicemia or inflammation); Acute Hemolytic Anemias (Babesia or EIA) - Torsion, Barbiturates, Sedation, Euthanasia

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24
Q

Uniform splenomegaly w/ firm consistency –> meaty spleen is due to: ___ (TQ)

A

Chronic Hemolytic Anemia (EIA) & EMH

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25
Hematomas, HSA, & incomplete contractions cause \_\_\_\_\_
Splenic nodules w/ firm consistency
26
Lymphoid hyperplasia of PALS may lead to \_\_\_
disruption of blood flow --\> pooling of blood
27
Conditions that cause splenic nodules w/firm consistency
Lymphoid hyperplastic nodules, primary neoplasia, metastatic neoplasia, abscess (acute infxn), granulomas (chronic infxn)
28
Conditions that cause small spleen
Developmental anomalies, Aging changes, Splenic cntrxn, Wasting or Cachexia
29
How does Wasting or Cachexia lead to small spleen (TQ)
Atrophy of T-lymphocytes areas, no effect on B-lymphocytes
30
Conditions that cause small lymph nodes
Developmental, Lack of antigenic stimulation, Cachexia & malnutrition, Aging, Viral infections
31
How do Cachexia and Malnutrition cause small lymph nodes? (TQ)
Atrophy of T areas --\> decrease T-lymphocytes w/little to no effect on B-lymphocytes
32
How do viral infections lead to small lymph nodes and which viruses are associated?
Lymphocytolysis (BVD, CDV); Stimulate lymphoid tissue (Maedi-visna, MCF virus); Cause Neoplasm (FLV, BLV, Marek's dz); Cause Atrophy (FIV)
33
Lymphoid Hyperplasia (large lymph nodes) are caused by (TQ)
Follicular Hyperplasia ( B-lymphocytes); Diffuse Hyperplasia (T-lymphocytes)
34
Dz that causes diffuse lymphadenitis
Johnes dz
35
Granulomatous inflammation of the intestinal mucosa
Johnes dz
36
Dz that causes focal lymphadenitis
Pearl's dz
37
Nodules w/central core of necrosis (TB)
Pearl's dz
38
Most common primary neoplasia of the lymph nodes
Lymphosarcoma (LSA)
39
During necropsy, you find an enlarged lymph node. If this were a case of lymphosarcoma, what would you see upon cut surface? (TQ)
Loss of architecture (cortex & medulla) and has capsular invasion
40
How do carcinomas metastasize to regional lymph nodes?
via blood
41
You cut into an enlarged lymph node, and you see architecture is preserved and no capsular invasion. What do you suspect?
Lymph node hyperplasia
42
Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (lymphoma) is caused by ____ in cattle. Which age is commonly affected? (TQ)
BLV in cattle 4-8 yrs old
43
Preferred location of Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (TQ)
HAULS + R Heart, Abomasum, Uterus, Lymph nodes, Spinal canal, and retro bulbular proptosis
44
Sporadic Bovine Leucosis (lymphoma) commonly affects which age group? (TQ)
Young animals
45
True/False: Sporadic Bovine Leucosis is associated with BLV (TQ)
False
46
Give the types and ages associated with Sporadic Bovine Leucosis (TQ)
Calf/Juvenile type is up to 6 m old; Thymic type is 1-2 years; Cutaneous type is 2-3 years
47
You cut into an enlarged lymph node --\> observe normal architecture but cortex and medulla are obliterated. What do you suspect? (TQ)
Lymphosarcoma in a dog due the unusual presentation
48
During necropsy, you observe red soft marrow that should be yellow. This is indicative of
Bone Marrow (BM) Hyperplasia
49
What is BM aplasia? (TQ)
Aplastic anemia is the absence of a particular cell lineage
50
Agents that cause BM aplasia (TQ)
Chemicals (Phenylbutazone, Bracken Fern, Estrogen); Infections (Ehrlichia, Parvo, FIV, FeLV, EIA, Cytauxzoon felis)
51
Replacement of hematopoietic tissue by fibrous tissue, malignant cells, or granulomas (TQ)
Myelopthisis
52
Neuropenia
deficiency of circulating Neutrophils
53
What can lead to a neutropenia?
Increased Use - endotoxemia or shift to the marginating pool pseudoneutropenia
54
Stress leukogram --\> Mature neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, +/- eosinopenia
Eosinopenia/basopenia
55
What does Polycythemia vera refer to?
Primary Erythrocytosis
56
Cause of primary erythrocytosis
abnormality in bone marrow
57
Amt of EPO seen with primary eyrthrocytosis
Normal to decreased EPO
58
EPO mediated (form tumors or chronic hypoxia) increases in RBC
Secondary Erythrocytosis
59
Lymphocytosis generally occurs in which age group? What is it mediated by?
Young animals; epinephrine- mediated (physiological leukocytosis)
60
What is persistent lymphocytosis? Who gets it? (TQ)
* Non-neoplastic hyperplasia of B-Lymphocytes * Cattle with BLV infection
61
Lack of normal segmentation/hypo-segmentation of the nuclei of mature granulocytes
Pelger-Huet Anomaly (PHA)
62
Heterozygous form of PHA vs the Homozygous form of PHA
Heterozygous form: NOT pathogenic; Homozygous form: + skeletal abnormalities, stillbirths, early mortality
63
IV hemolysis leads to
Hemoglobinemia, Hemoglobinuria, Bilirubinemia, Jaundice/Icterus
64
Immune Mediated Disorders of Erythrocytes
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) and Neonatal Erythrolysis
65
Which form of IMHA is idiopathic?
Primary IMHA
66
What are Heinz bodies? What causes them?
Denatured Hb caused by oxidative agents
67
True/False: Oxidative agents can cause both extravascular and intravascular hemolysis
True
68
Name protozoal agents that cause disorders of red blood cells. What lesions are generally seen?
Babesia, Anaplasma, Hemotropic Mycoplasma; there will be Pallor, Splenomegaly, & a Distended Gallbladder
69
What is a consequence of Theleria?
IMHA b/c it infects RBC precursors
70
Extracellular parasites that cause immune mediated hemolysis
Trypanosomes
71
Causes fatal hemolytic anemia (TQ)
Clostridium hemolyticum and Clostridium novyi type D associated with liver fluke
72
Bacillary hemoglobinemia/red water dz is associated with ____ (TQ)
Liver fluke larval migration tracts --\> release C. hemolytica and C. novyi type D
73
Agent of yellow lamb dz
Clostridium perfringens type A
74
Pathogenesis of Yellow lamb dz
C. perfringens type A is a normal inhabitant of GIT --\> poor diet --\> overgrowth --\> enterotoxemic jaundice
75
What is seen with acute Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)? (TQ)
Thrombocytopenia and Anemia
76
What is seen with chronic EIA? (TQ)
Thrombocytopenia and Aneima + Icterus + Lymphadenopathy "meaty spleen"
77
Oncogenic, immunosuppressive lentivirus (TQ)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
78
Which cells does FeLV infect? What are the consequences? (TQ)
Infects hematopoietic precursor cells --\> NONREGENRATIVE ANEMIA Consequences: Immunosuppression, Infections, Bone Marrow Disorders, Lymphosarcoma
79
Etiology of Congenital erythrocytic porphyria
enzyme missing that promotes the formation of porphyrin which is a precursor to Hb = disorder of porphyrin synthesis
80
C/S of congenital erythrocytic porphyria
Discolored teeth (red-brown), Hemolytic anemia, and photosensitization
81
C/S of Bovine erythropoietic protoporphyria
PHOTOSENSITIZATION ONLY!!!
82
Final result of Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Deficiency vs Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency (TQ)
PFK = No Anemia or Regenerative anemia PK = ANEMIA!!!
83
Agent of Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (EGE)
1Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted by ticks
84
Consequences of EGE
Seasonal necrotizing vasculitis (edema, icterus, petechiae)
85
A horse presented for necropsy. Your finding are: inclusion bodies (Morulae) in neutrophils, icterus, petichia, and had history of undulating fever. What do you suspect?
Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
86
Etiology of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)
Inherited fatal condition Deficiency of beta 2 chain of leukocyte Integrin --\> severely impaired migration
87
You are working up a Holstein or Irish setter dog,and you observe severe Neutrophilia in the blood. What do you suspect?
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) Bovine LAD= BLAD
88
Etiology of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Inherited --\> mutated gene encoding beige or LYST (Lysosomal Trafficking Regulator) protien
89
Result of Chediak- Higashi Syndrome
NEUTROPENIA Ineffective migration of neutrophils --\> poor chemotaxis --\> poor phagocytic ability
90
Etiopathogenesis of Potomac Horse Fever
Ehrlichia risticii infects monocytes and enterocytes of intestines --\> Diarrheal Dz
91
Etiopathogenesis of canine ehrlichiosis (TQ)
Ehrlichia canis infected mononuclear cells adhere to endothelium --\> vasculitis --\> clot formation increases consumption
92
If you see Thrombocytopenia, Non-regenerative anemia, and Leukopenia in a dog, what do you suspect? (TQ)
Ehrlichia canis
93
Most common inherited disorder of platelets? (TQ)
von Willebrand Dz (vWD)
94
vWB does not cause ___ (TQ)
Thrombocytopenia
95
Function of vWF
Stabilized coagulation factor-8 which mediates binding of platelets to sub endothelial collagen
96
Lymphosarcoma arises which tissues
from lymphoid tissues outside the BM
97
Gross lesions of LSA
Organomegaly --\> enlarged lymph nodes (normal architecture obliterated); Small well differentiated cells --\> low mitotic rates --\> slowly progressive dz; Large poorly differentiated cells --\> high mitotic rates --\> aggressively rapidly progressive dz
98
X- linked inherited dz
Hemophilia
99
Lack of coagulation factor VIII and species affected
Hemophilia A; cattle, dogs, cats
100
Lack of factor IX and species affected
Hemophilia B; dogs, cats

Path 2 (6 decks)

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